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Minimum Health Management
Standards
#4 - Human Factors
Engineering in New Projects
Human Factors Engineering in New Projects
MHMS - 4

Outline
• Minimum Health
Management Standards
(MHMS)
• Introduction to Human
Factors Engineering (HFE)
• Why HFE & Benefits
• Definition of Standard
• Achievement Criteria
• Tools & Techniques
• Competences Required
• Are you compliant?
• What you need to do
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MHMS
• Seven Minimum Health Management Standards (MHMS) have been developed to set down the minimum requirements for the management of health and Human
Factors Engineering in companies where Shell has operational control
• Approved by the Group HSE Advisers Panel and HSE
Council
• Discussed and agreed with the Executive Committees of the major Businesses
• CMD has endorsed and issued them in July 2001
• Shell Businesses are expected to implement them fully by the end of 2003
• Progress will be monitored via the HSE Annual Letter
• MHMS will be audited
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MHMS
• Formalise existing guidance - nothing really new
• Set down the minimum requirements for the management of Health in companies where Shell has operational control
• Compliance with national statutory requirements is mandatory for all aspects of health management.
• Currently accepted scientific knowledge should be applied in interpreting MHMSs
• Guidance documents listed in the attachment provide advice on good practice. Where a guidance document is referred to specifically, then it forms a part of that standard. Other documents provide more general
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in New Projects
MHMS - 4

MHMS
There are seven MHMS
1. Health Risk Assessment
2. Monitoring of Health Performance and Incident Reporting and Investigation
Focus
3. Impact Assessment
4. Human Factors Engineering in New Projects
5. Product Stewardship
6. Fitness to Work
7. Local Health Facilities and Medical Emergency Response
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Human Factors Engineering
Human Factors Engineering (HFE) is a multidisciplinary field that considers the integrated knowledge of human capabilities, limitations and needs in the interaction between humans, technology and the working environment.
– HFE Yellow Guide 2002
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Objectives of HFE
• To increase safety, comfort and performance within working environment
• To prevent human errors/limit the consequences
(reliability)
• To enhance productivity by optimising human efforts (efficiency)
• To improve usability of a system (productivity)
• To incorporate user knowledge in the design of the system/product to satisfy the needs of the operating population (acceptability, marketability)
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Human Machine Interaction
Physical Environment
(lighting, noise, thermal)
Organisational Structure job design, communication, task
Individual Constraints
(age, size, training, skills, competence)
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Sensory Information
Human
TASK
Displays
Response Execution
Controls
Output
Human Factors Engineering
Machine
Input
MHMS - 4

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Why Practice HFE?
Business Case
Conclusion pre start-up safety review Hycon
(1988)
“It has to be concluded that during engineering stage the opportunity could have been further exploited to optimise the design without increasing CAPEX in many cases. This refers particularly to the fields of operability, accessibility and maintainability.”
Human Factors Engineering in New Projects
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Why Practice HFE?
Lessons learned RAYONG project (1996)
“Basic concept not an operationally friendly machine”
DCS system
• DCS graphics were designed by main contractor with input of Operations at an early stage minor
• too much information on screens
• to go through 5 screens to get to an alarm
• far too complex which complicates start up
• alarms poorly specified
• risk of panel men loosing confidence in system!
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Why Practice HFE?- Not just in
Operations
Project management issues
• > 60 % of bottlenecks identified during D & E
Model review sessions are related to poor
Operability and Maintainability
• Redesign effort first 2 years after start up often related to solve operational and maintenance misfits as a result of insufficient input during Conceptual design
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Conclusions of ‘World Class’ Projects study
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Literature “Development HSE improvements in hardware design”
Number of accidents/ incidents
Past
Technical measures were dominant
Process safety measures were dominant
Human factors interface measures will become dominant
Present Future
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Traditional Design Process
• No balanced input of Process criteria versus Operations
(Ops.) and Maintenance (M) criteria during conceptual design
• Limited input in conceptual design of future Ops./M. tasks
• Insufficient & ineffective input of “work floor” experience
• Insufficient knowledge of EC re. OPS requirements
• HMI specifications are insufficient ; no ‘risk driven’
• Lack of ‘change mgt.’ approach in critical , i.e new designs
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Sub optimal design of operational & maintenance tasks
Increase of project & life cycle costs
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Benefits of HFE
Benefit areas Usability & HF Engineering
Shareholders
&
Clients
Relation to stakeholders
Operability
Maintenance
Efficiency
Health
Safety
Environment
Reliability
Labour turnover
Legislation
Quantify and/or rank
Personnel
Society
Government
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Benefits of HFE
Economic benefits
Based on historical data (reviews/audits/PIR reports) and client feedback reports
• Reduction CAPEX
• Reduction engineering hrs.
• Reduction re work: less rework, less late changes
• Reduction project duration time
•reduced approval cycles
• Reduction Ops./Maintenance TCoO
0.25% - 5%
1% - 10 %
1 % - 5% up to 40 %*
3 - 6 % per year
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* 40 % reduction only achieved once in a non-complex 2 story office building project
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Rationale for HFE in IT
Environment
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Factors driving repeat visits to web sites (% reason)
Source: Forrester research 1999
75 High quality content
66 Ease of use
58 Down load speed
54 Frequently up dated
14 Coupons and incentives
13 Favourite brands
12 Cutting edge technologies
11 Purchasing capabilities
10 Customised content
10 Chat and bulletin boards
6 Other
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Benefits of HFE
Non-economical benefits
• Improvement HSE/working conditions (H)
• Improvement commitment end users (H)
• Improvement of client “buy in” (H)
• Improvement functional design; (H)
• versus gold plated design
• Improvement competence of project team (VH) re. Operational and maintenance requirements
• Improvement communication Owner / Project team &
EPC contractor (H)
() impact ranking on issue from client feedback:
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Low (L),
Medium (M),
High (H),
Very High (VH)
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Benefits of HFE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Critical Success Factors
Awareness of cost & benefits
• CAPEX reduction & TCoO commitment
Management commitment front end loading
• Early availability of operational philosophy
• Availability of resources
• Front end user participation for realisation of product commitment
Competence project participants
Integration in Project QA system (Owner & EC!)
Multi-disciplinary dilemma handling
• capture ‘work floor’ knowledge via FEEEM ® analysis process
Fit for purpose tools and procedures
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Benefits of HFE
• Reduction in Modification Costs
• Reduction in Training costs and efforts
• Improved ‘Acceptability’ of the System
• Improved screen layout, readability and usability
• Decreased information retrieval time
• REDUCTION MIS OPERATION, MIS READING
• Reduced reliance on support of ‘Help Desk’ and other colleagues
• Effective use of IT resources
• Improved working efficiency + reduction in working stress
• Improved motivation
• Awareness of benefits of User-Centred Design
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Benefits of Usability
Engineering
• It is about 40-100 times more expensive to fix problems in the maintenance phase of a programme than in the design phase
(Boehm, B.W., 1981 Software engineering economics New Jersey,
Prentice Hall Inc.)
• Systems designed with usability engineering have typically reduced the time needed for training around 25 % (Landauer 1995)
• Usability engineering has demonstrated reductions in the product development cycle by over 33-50% (Bosert 1991)
•Eighty percent of software life cycle costs occur after the product is released, in the maintenance phase; of that work 80% is due to unmet or unseen user requirements; only 20% of this is due to bugs or reliability problems ( Karat, C. 1993, Usability engineering in dollars and cents, IEEE Software)
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Benefits of Usability
Engineering
• Around 63% of ICT projects exceed their cost estimates (Laderer,
A.L., 1992, Nine management guidelines for better cost estimating)
The top four reasons are:
• frequent requests for changes from users
• overlooked tasks
• user’s lack of understanding of their own requirements
• insufficient user-analyst communication and understanding
• A user centred design methodology will increase productivity by
25 % and increase quality by 30 %, incl. user satisfaction by 40%
(Gartner Group 1992, Stanford, Connecticut, Rensink, H.J.T. 2000,
SI HE The Hague)
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Definition of Standard
‘Human factors engineering principles are to be considered and applied during the early design stage of new facilities projects where design can have a critical impact on equipment usability and user safety or health.’
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Achievement Criteria
1. All new facilities projects are screened for minimum human factors engineering requirements as defined in the HFE YG.
2. Where the screening indicates that HFE input is necessary, the location or business applies the correct processes, tools and competencies at the correct stages of the project as defined in the HFE
YG.
3. The recommendations have been discussed with management and action parties and target dates agreed.
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Target Readership
• Project teams
– Project Managers
– Process (and other Discipline) Engineers
– Operations/Maintenance
• HSE professionals
• IT Designers
• Retail Station Designers
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Process and Tools
• Introduction of 3 Decision Making Tools
– HFE Focusing Tool
– Work Systems Analysis Tool
– Investment Justification Tool
• Supports Project Teams
– Project Managers
– Operations/Maintenance
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HFE Work System Analysis Tool
?
Considers:
– Work systems
– Performance Factors
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– Mode of operations
• N=Normal;
E=Emergency
S=Shutdown/Start up in New Projects
To determine:
– Level of HFE involvement
– Based on project team experience
– HFE Standards available
MHMS - 4

Work System Analysis Tool
1. List the project work systems
2. Allocate an appropriate HFE level for each box
3. Define HFE scope
2
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Investment Justification Tool
• Tool for project managers
• Decision making support tool on HFE recommendations
• Considers economic and non economic (e.g.
HSE aspects) benefits
• Example demonstrated on next few slides
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The Tools
1. Work Systems Analysis Tool
- Define HFE scope for Project
- Appendix 1 in the Yellow Guide
2. Investment Justification Tool
– Decision making tool for Project
Managers
– Appendix 2 in the Yellow Guide
3. HFE Competence
Screening Tool
- Ensures correct people are on the job
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Competences
HFE Activity
Level
1
Required
Action
Apply specs.
& standards
Competenc e
Responsibl e Party
Awareness Project Team
2
3
Specs. & standards + review
Working
Knowledge
HFE Analysis Skilled/
Mastery
HFE Focal
Point
HFE
Professional
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Competence Framework
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• Familiar with HFE YG
– Understand HFE concepts, principles, language
– Where and how HFE YG applies to projects
– Know the HFE Process (phases and timing)
– Know how to use the HFE Tools
• Experience in Projects
• Compliant with discipline competence levels
Human Factors Engineering in New Projects
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Competence Framework
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Working Knowledge (can do)
• Carry out HFE Reviews
– Ensure standards were properly applied
– Make recommendations based on HFE principles
– Recognise where HFE can benefit project
– Support Project Team from HFE standpoint
• OU level staff (typically involved in projects)
• Experienced in own engineering discipline
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Competence Framework
Skilled / Mastery (can teach)
• Competence HFE professional
– Consulted by OU for all Level 3 activities
– Use HFE WSA Tool to initiate scope discussions
• Systematically captures user requirements
• Delivers HFE Recommendations
• Identifies future HFE scope with respect to organisational issues and other barriers to successful HFE implementation
Human Factors Engineering in New Projects
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New
Facilities
Project?
Process
Work Systems Analysis
HFE Scope
HFE Analysis and
Recommendations
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User Centred Design
Human Factors Engineering in New Projects
HFE Competence
(for Contractor)
MHMS - 4

Are you Compliant?
• Ready to use Yellow Guide
• Check you procedures against section 3
• Review the Achievement Criteria
• Where do you stand?
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What do I do?
If Compliant
• Ensure that all projects are adhering to the process and not just the ‘big’ ones
• Assess current HFE activities, look for improvements
If NOT Compliant
• Train project personnel
• Incorporate the Tools into project procedure
• Consult HFE professionals for support
• Look for opportunities to improve your
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Good Luck . . .
. . . and don’t forget the HFE
Principles when partaking in challenging projects
Human Factors Engineering in New Projects
MHMS - 4