CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a linking word,
connecting words, word groups,
sentences, or sentence groups
CONJUNCTIONS
 COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS(eşgüdümlü b.)
 CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS(bağlılaşık b.)
 SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS(bağımlı yan cüm.)
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO
AND
 Apples
and oranges are very healty..(noun)
 It is useful and cheap.(adj.)
 He came and see me in my office.(action)
 I want to quit and find a new job.(infinitive)
 Diving and water skiing are my favourite
sporting activities.(gerund)
 She cooked the meal and I brought the
drinks.(sentence)
AND : cause&effect-contrastconditional
 They
have broken up recently,and they
don’t want to see one another
anymore.(cause & effect)
 He owns six companies, and I am just an
ordinary worker.(contrast)
 Do that again and I will call the
police.(conditional)
BUT
 It
is good but expensive.(adj.)
 He saw me but didn’t talk to
me.(action)
 I like singing but not dancing.(gerund)
 The film was nice but it was a bit
long.(sentence)
‘But’ with all,none,every,
any,no…means except !
 Ex:Many
young peole eat nothing but
fast-food these days.
 Ex:I invited everybody but him to the
party.
 Ex:None of the students failed but
you.
YET
 It
was cold outside,yet my Russian
friend did not hesitate to go
swimming.
 She didn’t feel well,yet she still went
to work.
 He drove the car fast yet carefully.
OR
I
need a hammer or a piece of stone.(noun)
 I will watch a film or read a book today at
home.(action)
 My wife was too nervous or anxious when
she was taking the test.In the end she
failed.(adj)
 To be or not to be.That’s the
question.(infinitive)
I
prefer going out,or playing computer
games in my free time.(gerund)
 I will transfer the money to your account,or
I will bring it today when you are in the
office.(sentence)
• OR = OTHERWISE
• EX:You will leave my house right now or I will call
the police.
SO
 His
speech was full of technical terms,so
nobody understood anything.
 She didn’t feel well,so she didn’t go to
work.
 They were making a lot of noise,so their
father came and hushed them up.
 His company had been in the red for 2
years,so he commited suicide.
FOR (reason cl.(not begining of the sent.)formal )
The current economic figures have been
updated recently,for the economic trends
continually change.
She didn’t go to work,for she didn’t feel
well.
The president yelled at the ministers,for
they were having an arguement.
NOR (nor + aux. +subj)
 He
didn’t try apologizing to me,nor did he
care about it.
 He doesn’t like meat,nor does he like fish.
 She herself didn’t watch the film,nor did
she let us watch it.
 He refuses to take does he try to eat less.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
 Both..and
 Not
only..But also
 Either..or
 Neither…nor
 Whether…or
BOTH….AND
Ex:Both the teacher and the students were happy
with the exam results.
Ex:Today,I will both take my final exam and see
the doctor.
Ex:It is very difficult to find a second-hand car that
is both good and cheap.
Ex:Both the driver and the passengers were badly
injured.
Ex:Yesterday I both visited an art exhibition and
went to the cinema.
NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO
Ex:Not only his sister but also his his friends
were quite worried about him.
Ex:Not only his friends but also his teacher was
quite worried about him.
Ex:He not only stole a car,but also had an
accident with it.
Ex:Not only the driver but also the passengers
were badly injured.
Ex:I not only visited an art exhibition but also
went to the cinema.
EITHER….OR






Either my father or my friends are going to meet
you at the airport.
Either my friends or my father is going to meet
you at the airport.
You can call either the neighbours or the police
when you hear that strange noise.
Either my sister or my friend or my mum must
have taken my book.
Ex:She has either fallen asleep or gone
somewhere.
Ex:She can’t either speak or walk.(she can neither
speak nor walk…..
NEITHER…NOR





Neither Mike nor his parents were willing to stay
at home on New Year’s Eve.
I neither sent an email nor talked to her on the
phone about the new order.
I can persuade neither my father nor my brother
to go to Spain to watch the final match.
Mum,I want neither dinner,nor conversation,nor
a shower.I just want to go straight to bed.
She phoned neither that day,nor the next day.
WHETER…OR
 He
asked me wheter I preferred staying at
home or going out that night.
 She wondered wheter I spent my money
or put aside.
 She wanted to know wheter I read the
book or watch the film.
 I am going to visit my uncle in the hospital
wheter you agree or not.
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
 TIME
 REASON
 DIRECT
CONTRAST
 CONCESSIVE CONTRAST
 PURPOSE
 MANNER
 RESULT
 CONDITION
TIME






John will study abroad when he graduates
John will have completed his project by the time
the new academic year begins.
John had cleaned the whole house before he
went to the cinema.
John ran across an old friend of his while he was
driving to work yesterday.
He complains that it rains whenever he washes
his car.
John has been working for an international
company in London since/eversince he
graduated from university in 1999.
REASON

The government had to take further steps
because the inflation had reached an alarming
level.
 Now that you have completed the project,you
can start thinking how to present it.(mademki)
 Since/As she felt a bit ill,she decided to call the
doctor.(-den dolayı)
 Seeing that he has fulfilled all the
requirements,he is very likely to be selected by
the committee.(mademki)
 The
traffic was totally congested due to
the fact that two lorries had crashed into
each other on the bridge.(-den dolayı)
 In as much as she is their teacher ,she is
mainly responsible for the behaviour of
these students.(mademki,çünkü,-den
dolayı)
DIRECT CONTRAST
 Some
people believe that green
tea relaxes their muscles,whereas
others think it improves their
memory.
CONCESSIVE CONTRAST

He was determined to attend the conference
although he was very ill.
 Eventhough/Though the government took some
measures,they failed to prevent the dollar from
falling down sharply.
 Despite the fact that the working conditions were
unbearable,the young man continued to work in
the factory.
 She won’t accept even if you give her a diamond
ring
PURPOSE





The speaker is showing some pictures so that/in
order that the participants can visualize what
they have heard.
My father gave me his credit card so that I could
do shopping on holiday.
We should buy another bottle of coke in case
your friend comes to dinner.
The authorities took more strict measures lest
the problem of child labour should grow worse.
The suspect can not go out for fear that the
police will see him.
MANNER
 The
young lady got divorced (just) as her
parents had done years before.
 John
looks as if he he is tired.(real
situation)
 The dog sounded as if/as though as it was
suffering.(real situation)
 You can’t talk to me as if/as though I were
your child.(unreal.s)
RESULT
 The
exam was so hard that only a few
students were able to pass.
 The boy solved the problem so carefully
that he didn’t make any mistakes.
 It was such a complicated situation that
nobody knew what to do.
 It was such a good weather that
everybody went out.
CONDITION





If you want to pass the prep class you have to
study harder.
I will accept their job offer unless the pay is too
low.
You can stay in my flat as long as you share the
expenses.
I can lend you some money providing that you
pay me back by next Friday.
I am going to visit my uncle in the hospital
wheter you agree or not.