Fecal Sludge
Management
Implementing a Cradle to Grave Approach to
our Sanitation Problems
The sanitation MDG was not
met in 2015
WHO/UNICEF (2015)
Global sanitation coverage
WHO/UNICEF (2015)
Both urban and rural
areas are critical
Rural vs. urban coverage
• 70% of the unserved are in
rural areas, however…
• Urbanization is outpacing
provision(155k people/day)
– ~90% of all people will be in
urban areas and developing
countries by 2050
WHO/UNICEF (2015)
SDG Sanitation Target
By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation
and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special
attention to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations
Sanitation Service Chain
Sanitation Service Chain
FSM Diagnostic and
Decision Making Tools
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Fecal flow diagrams
Service Delivery Assessment
Political Economy Analysis
Economics of Sanitation Toolkit
SaniPath
Market analysis (demand, re-use)
Fecal Flow Diagram
Example from Maputo, Mozambique, adapted from WSP 2014.
Service Delivery
Assessment Scorecard
Service Delivery
Assessment Scorecard
Peal et al. (2014)
USAID Water & Development
Strategy Target
6
million people with first-time or improved
access to sustainable sanitation services
Sustainable: emphasizes approaches that combine to
maintain outcomes over time rather than just counting
outputs or facilities.
Services: emphasizing a focus on a system for provision
rather than just the construction of a facility.
 more precise and scaled targeting, and
 more strategic programs that consider
the continuum of services over time
Reaching USAID target in sanitation
USAID is on-track to
meet or exceed its
W&D Strategy target
of 6 million people
with sustainable
sanitation access
from FY14-FY18
Remaining
1,649,225
27%
FY15 2,386,095
(40%)
FY14
1,964,680
33%
Sanitation Ladder &
USAID Indicators
Custom
Number of people gaining effectively treated sanitation
services
Proposed
Number of people gaining safely managed sanitation
services
Proposed
Percentage of people gaining safely managed sanitation
services
3.1.8.2-1
Percent of households using a basic sanitation facility
3.1.8.2-2
Number of people gaining access to a basic sanitation
facility
Effectively treated
Safely managed
Basic
Unimproved
3.1.6.8-5
Number of communities certified as “open defecation
free” (ODF) as a result
3.1.6.8-3
Percent of population in target areas practicing open
defecation
Open defecation
14
FSM Innovations
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Upgradable FSM infrastructure
Gates/Janicki Omniprocessor
Home mobile toilets
ONAS latrine emptying call center
Fecal sludge as fuel
Gulper
Small-scale FSM
Questions for discussion
• Can a project address one part of the FSM chain? Or does it
need to address everything?
• Is wastewater treatment primarily a health or
environmental concern?
• How will SDGs impact USAID sanitation programming?
• Does FSM work only in urban areas where there are
economies of scale or is there a business model that could
work in rural areas?
• What would an IEE and an EMMP look like for a FSM project?
WWTP project?
• What is required by 22 CFR 216?
• What are best approaches for integrating climate change
into sanitation programs? Re: Climate Change Executive
Order?