Hannah Pinto, Tyler Angert, Hyelynn Chon
BASIC CITATION RULES:
Author-Page Style
The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the
quotation or paraphrase but the page number should always appear in the parentheses, not in the
text of your sentence. For example:
Bumbleberg often said that the integral foundation of American society has been skewed by the
public’s “relentless search for wealth and grandeur.” (190). loljk
The integral foundation of American society has been skewed by the public’s “relentless search
for wealth and grandeur.” (Bumbleberg 190).
Both types of citations work. Either state the author in the sentence, or do it in the parenthases. NOT
BOTH!
Print Sources with Known Author
For print sources, If you provide the signal word or phrase in the sentence, you do not need to
include it in the parenthetical citation, just like in Author-Page style citations.
In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author
When a used source has no known author, use a shortened title of the source instead of an
author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as articles) or italicize it
if it's a longer work (such as plays, books, or TV) and provide a page number.
Short work: (“Bumbleberg goes loose” 45)
Long work: (Bumbleberg United 567)
Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
For a source with three or fewer authors, list the authors' last names in the text or in the
parenthetical citation:
Bumbleberg, Bumbleman, and Bumbleklein all support the democratic ideals that the various
republics of our world have adopted.
The authors all support the democratic ideals that the various republics of our world have
adopted (Bumbleberg, Bumbleman, Bumbleklein 689)
For a source with more than three authors, provide the first author's last name followed by et
al. or list all the last names.
Rumbleman et al. argue against Bumbleberg, Bumbleman, and Bumbleklein’s points by through
showing the potential success of other types of governments (4).
Or
Other groups argue against counter Bumbleberg, Bumbleman, and Bumbleklein’s points by
through showing the potential success of other types of governments (Rumbleman et al. 4).
Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author
If you cite more than one work by a particular author, use two seperate citations but just shorten
the title of a particular work to distinguish it from others.
Citing Non-Print or Sources from the Internet
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Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to
the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).
You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web
browser’s print preview function.
Unless you must list the website name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the
appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when
the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com or Forbes.com
as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.
WORKS CITED:
Basic Rules
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Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It
should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of
your paper.
Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in
quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.
Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
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Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations five spaces so that you create a
hanging indent.
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List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article
that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page
as 225-50.
Additional Basic Rules New to MLA 2009
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For every entry, you must determine the Medium of Publication. Most entries will likely
be listed as Print or Web sources, but other possibilities may include Film, CD-ROM, or
DVD.
Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries. However, if your
instructor or publisher insists on them, include them in angle brackets after the entry and
end with a period. For long URLs, break lines only at slashes.
If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that
you retrieved from an online database, you should type the online database name in
italics. You do not need to provide subscription information in addition to the database
name.
Capitalization and Punctuation
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Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles (the,
an), prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone
with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
New to MLA 2009: Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books,
magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)
Listing Author Names
Entries are listed alphabetically by the author's last name (or, for entire edited collections, editor
names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first
name:
More than One Work by an Author
When citing more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title,
and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first:
Bumbleberg, Bumble. A Collection of Tales. [...]
---. A Soup for Many. [...]
Work with No Known Author
Alphabetize works with no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the
parenthetical citations in your paper.
Works Cited
Russel, Tony, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, and Russell Keck. "MLA
Guide." Purdue OWL. N.p., n.d. Web. 17
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/747/
June 2012. <>. http://
Formatting and Style
PARTS OF SPEECH
1. NOUN: person, place, thing, or idea
-Proper noun: a particular person, place, thing, or idea (capitalized)
-Common noun: any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas (not capitalized)
-Concrete noun: a person, place, thing, or idea that can be perceived by one of the 5
senses
-Abstract noun: an idea, feeling, quality, or characteristic
-Collective noun: refers to a group
2. PRONOUN: takes the place of a noun
-A word/word group that a pronoun stands for is the antecedent.
-Personal pronoun: refers to the one speaking, the one spoken to, or the one spoken about
(I, he, you, etc.)
-Reflexive pronoun: refers to the subject of a verb; functions as a complement or object
of a preposition (She excused herself from the dinner table.)
-Intensive pronoun: emphasizes the antecedent (Robert Frost himself wrote this poem.)
-Demonstrative pronoun: points out a noun or pronoun (this, that, these, those)
-Interrogative pronoun: introduces a question (who, whom, whose, which, what)
-Relative pronoun: introduces an adjective clause (that, which, who, whom, whose;
example- That is the woman who wrote the book.)
-Indefinite pronoun: the antecedent may not be specifically named (all, both, several,
someone, etc.)
3. ADJECTIVE: modifies a noun/pronoun
-Example: They failed the difficult exam. (‘Difficult’ modifies ‘exam.’)
-Articles: a/an (indefinite articles), the (definite articles)
4. Verb: expresses an action or state of being
-Main verb + helping (auxiliary) verb = verb phrase (has played, will be going, etc.)
-Modal (modal auxiliary): a helping verb joined with a main verb to express an attitude
such as necessity or possibility (we must go, we may go)
-Action verb: physical/mental activity (He goes to the store.)
-Linking verb: connects a subject and a subject complement
-Transitive verb: has an object (Rain hit the windows.)
-Intransitive: has no object (Rain fell.)
5. ADVERB: modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb
-Modifying a verb: spoke eloquently
-Modifying an adjective: extremely remote
-Modifying an adverb: remarkably quickly
6. PREPOSITION: shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun (object of the
preposition) and another word
-Example: The cat was hiding under the table.
-Preposition + object = prepositional phrase
-Compound preposition: 2 or more words (as of, in addition to, etc.)
7. CONJUCTION: joins words/word groups
-Coordinating conjunction: joins words/word groups that are used in the same way (and,
but, for, nor, or, so yet)
-Correlative conjunctions: pairs of conjunctions that join words/word groups that are used
in the same way (both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…or, whether…or,
etc.)
-Subordinating conjunction: begins a subordinate clause and connects it to an
independent clause (When I saw the test grade, I was shocked.)
8. INTERJECTION: expresses emotion; no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence
-Examples: Ah! Whew! Hooray! Aha! Ow! etc.
VERBALS
1. GERUND: a verb form with –ing ending used as a noun
-Photographing animals requires patience.
-Tom dislikes Amanda for her constant nagging.
-Gerund phrase: Gerund + modifiers + complements (entire phrase is a noun; exampleManaging the store every day was a difficult task.)
2. PARTICIPLE: a verb form used as an adjective
-Present participle: -ing (the freezing rain)
-Past participle: -ed or –d (the engraved trophy)
-Participial phrase: Participle + modifiers + complements (Proclaiming his innocence, he
vehemently denied the charges.)
3. INFINITIVE: a verb form used as a noun, adjective, or adverb (usually begins with “to”)
-Used as a noun: To leave now would be rude.
-Used as an adjective: She is the one to look for.
-Used as an adverb: We came to cheer.
-Present perfect form: I am thankful to have been chosen.
-Infinitive phrase: infinitive + modifiers + complements (To get a medical degree is her
goal.)
Huck Finn
Characters:
Huck- protagonist, thirteen years old, formally educated but doesn’t like the order of society,
influenced by Tom
Tom Sawyer- Huck’s friend, adventurous, and a bad influence on Huck. Not educated like Huck
Widow Douglas and Miss Watson- wealthy sisters who adopt Huck, very strict on religion and
education
Jim- Miss Watson’s slave, superstitious and intelligent, freed slave and goes on adventures with
Huck
Pap- Huck’s drunk father who comes back to take Huck’s money, uneducated
Duke and Dauphin- dauphin is seventy, son of King Louis XVI, heir to French throne, conman.
Duke is thirty, of Bridgewater, swindles money
Judge Thatcher- in charge of keeping Huck’s money, Huck signs money over to judge so pap
can’t take it
Grangerfords- family that takes Huck in after a steamboat hits the raft, has a feud with
Sheperdsons, gets many of them killed
Buck Grangerford- around Huck’s age, adventurous, gets killed fighting with Sheperdsons
Wilks family- Peter Wilks died, duke and dauphin pretend to be long lost brothers from England
in order to receive inheritance, Huck tells one of the sisters the truth, Jim is sold
Silas and Sally Phelps- Tom’s aunt and uncle, keep Jim in custody when found, Huck and Tom
try to free Jim on the Phelps property
Aunt Polly- Tom’s aunt, finds Huck who pretends to be Tom, Tom pretends to be younger
brother Sid
Setting:
St. Petersburg, Missouri
Banks of Mississippi River
All places of adventure
Themes:
Racism vs. Slavery- using the "N" word, how society treats Jim, how Huck treats Jim
Intellectual and Moral education- how Huck and Tom operate based on rules and imagination.
Huck deals with moral struggles of right and wrong
Civilized Society- Huck and Tom try to run from the order of civilized society but Huck comes
across many uncivilized places and this opens his eyes
Huck’s youth- Huck struggles with being a kid. Sometimes it’s an advantage but sometimes he is
restricted and he ultimately didn’t get a good childhood because of his father
Lies and Cons- Huck struggles with being okay to con money off people and usually ends up
telling the person the truth
Superstition- spider in candle, Jim is very superstitious, characters blame things on bad luck
Drugs and alcohol- Huck is around it a lot and tries to stay away but it is part of his growing up
Friendship- Huck and Tom, Huck and Miss Watson, Huck and Jim
Family- Huck doesn’t have much family but runs away from what he does have
Society vs. Natural world- Huck contemplates living in society or making it in the woods, woods
is harder than he expected
Religion- common religion in south, not Jim’s, Huck isn’t very religious