Chapter 29 Protest and Stagnation:
The Western World, 1965-1985
Name _______________________________________Date______Period________Score_____
Focus Questions
In this chapter, students will focus on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Goals of the revolt in sexual mores, the youth protest, student revolts, feminist movement,
and anti-war protests
Major political movements in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and the
United States
Main events of the Cold War including the role of the détente
The major social and cultural developments in the Western World
The similarities and differences between the feminist movement of the 19th century and
the post-World War II movement
Lecture Outline
I.
A Culture of Protest
A.
Revolt in Sexual Mores
1.
The Permissive Society
2.
Sexual revolution
3.
Breakdown of the traditional family
B.
Youth Protest and Student Revolt
1.
Drug culture
2.
Higher education becoming more widespread
3.
Problems
a.
Overcrowding
b.
Professors who paid too little attention to students
c.
Authoritative administrators
d.
Seemingly irrelevant education
4.
Student strikes in France, 1968
5.
Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam
C.
Renewed Interest: The Feminist Movement
1.
Women’s liberation movement
2.
Betty Friedan (b. 1921)
a.
The Feminine Mystique
b.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
D.
Antiwar Protests
1.
European demonstrations against Vietnam
2.
Kent State University, 1970
1
II.
III.
IV.
Stagnation in the Soviet Union
A.
The Brezhnev Years
1.
The Brezhnev Doctrine
2.
Détente
3.
Economic emphasis on heavy industry
4.
Patronage system
5.
By the early 1980s, the Soviet Union was in poor shape
Conformity Eastern Europe
A.
Poland
1.
Solidarity
2.
Lech Walesa (b. 1943)
B.
Hungary
1.
Janos Kadar in power for more than 30 years
2.
Moves slowly toward legalizing small private enterprises
C.
Czechoslovakia
1.
Rejection of Antonin Novotny (1904-1975)
2.
Influences of Vaclav Havel (b. 1936)
3.
January 1968, Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992) elected secretary of state
4.
Old order brought back, Gustav Husak (1913-1991)
D.
Repression in East Germany and Romania
1.
Faithful satellite under Walter Ulbricht
2,
Unrest due to economic problems
3.
Stability and repression with Erich Honecker (1912-1992)
E.
Romania
1.
Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu established dictatorial regime
Western Europe: The Winds of Change
A.
West Germany
1.
Willy Brandt (1913-192), 1969-1974
2.
Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east”
a.
Treaty with East Germany, 1972
3.
Helmut Schmide (b. 1918)
a.
Technocrat; concerned with economic conditions
4.
Helmut Kohl (b. 1930)
a.
Problems of union
B.
Great Britain: Thatcher and Thatcherism
1.
Thatcherism
a.
Problems of Northern Ireland
b.
Direct rule from London, 1972
2.
Conservatives gain political power, 1979
3.
Foreign Policy
C.
Uncertainties in France
1.
Francois Mitterrand (1916-1995), 1981-1995
a.
Economic difficulties
b.
Socialistic policies
c.
Economic weaknesses of the 1990s
2.
Move to conservatism, Jacques Chirac elected 1995
2
D.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Confusion in Italy
1.
Coalition Politics
2.
Euro communism
3.
Economic Recession in the 1970s, economic growth in the 1980s
4.
Political Corruption
The European Community
A.
1973: European Economic Community (EEC) becomes European Community
(EC) when Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark join
The United States: Turmoil and Tranquility
A.
Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968
1.
Ends Vietnam War, 1973
2.
Watergate scandal
3.
Resignation, August 9, 1974
B.
Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980
1.
Stagflation – high inflation and unemployment
2.
Oil embargo, 1973
3.
53 hostages held by Iran
C.
Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989
1.
Reverses the welfare state
2.
Military buildup
3.
Supply-side economics
Canada
A.
Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000), elected in 1968
B.
Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in 1984
Cold War: Move to Détente
A.
The Second Vietnam War
1.
U.S. President Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965
2.
Domino Theory
a.
If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations in Asia
would fall to communism
3.
President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to bring an honorable end
4.
Begins withdrawing troops
5.
Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops
B.
China and the Cold War
1.
Mao and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976
a.
Red Guards
2.
US. – China Relations
a.
Nixon and the “strategic relationship”
C.
The Practice of Détente
1.
Antiballistic Missile Treaty
2.
1975, Helsinki Agreements
D.
The Limits of Détente
1.
Afghanistan
2.
President Reagan’s “evil empire” and “star wars”
The World of Science and Technology
A.
Military-Industrial Complex
1.
German rockets; jets
3
X.
XI.
XII.
2.
British work in computers
3.
J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb
B.
Computers
C.
Dangers of science and technology
D.
New conceptions of the Universe
The Environment and the Green Movements
A.
Problems in the environment
B.
Chernobyl, 1986
C.
Green Parties
Western Culture Today
A.
Postmodern Thought
1.
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
2.
Jacques Derrida (1930-2004)
B.
Art
1.
Rejection of object-based artworks
2.
Postmodernism
3.
Photorealism
C.
Literature
1.
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude
2.
Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being
D.
Music
1.
Serialism
2.
Minimalism
Popular Culture: Image and Globalization
A.
Music
1.
Punk
2.
Music videos
3.
Rap
B.
The Growth of Mass Sports
C.
Globalization of Popular Culture
Psalm 56:5 God I praise your promise, in you I trust, I do not fear. What can mere flesh do to me?
4
CHAPTER 29 SUMMARY
At the end of the 1960, protests engulfed in the West. There was a revolution in sexual morals,
resulting in a more permissive society. Gay rights movements began and the birth control pill changed
sexual practices. Extramarital affairs became more common and divorce rates exploded, pornography
was made available, and prostitution sometimes legalized, as in Amsterdam. A youth movement
emerged, and drugs, particularly marijuana, became widely available on college campuses, which were
often the centers of student rebellion against autocratic college administrators, uncaring instructors,
and crowded classrooms. The feminist movement transformed the lives of women. One focus of
rebellion was the Second Vietnam War, which deeply divided American society, but which was also
unpopular in Europe. On the campuses were teach-ins, sit-ins, and broad opposition to the military
draft. At times the protests turned violent, and in reaction, many demanded “law and order,” a desire
that Richard Nixon capitalized upon in gaining the presidency in 1968.
Under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev (d. 1982), economic stagnation stalked the Soviet
Union. Central planning and the lack of economic incentives bred apathy, absenteeism, and
drunkenness. Because of Soviet control, Eastern Europe also stagnated. There were some economic
reforms in Hungary- “Communism with a capitalist facelift” – but when reforms were introduced in
Czechoslovakia in 1968, the Red Army crushed the “Prague Spring.” In Germany, where many fled to
the West, the government constructed a wall to end emigration, and the Berlin Wall became the symbol
of the Cold War. Secret police were endemic, particularly East Germany’s Stasi.
After decades of economic growth, Western Europe experienced economic recessions in 1970s.
West Germans installed a center-left government in 1969, and under Willy Brandt a policy of Ostpollitik,
or “opening to the East” was adopted, thus improving relations between the two Germanies. In 1979,
the Conservative Party’s Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. The “Iron
Lady” reduced the power of the unions and brought down inflation, but where southern England
prospered, the old industrial areas of the Midlands and the north suffered unemployment. In France,
Francois Mitterrand’s socialist government nationalized the banks and industry, but within three years
was forced to abandon some of the nationalization measures. Italy suffered from weak coalition
governments, and suffered economic recession in the 1970s, but economic growth was the norm in the
1980s.
Richard Nixon became president in 1968 by pursuing a “southern strategy” and promising “law
and order,” and although overwhelmingly reelected in 1972, the Watergate scandal forced his
resignation in 1974. During the rest of the 1970s, the administrations of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter
struggled with economic stagflation-high inflation and high unemployment. Economic problems were
fueled by significant increases in oil prices. The economic problems compounded by Carter’s inability to
gain the freedom of American hostages held in Iran led to his defeat by Ronald Reagan in 1980. The
Reagan Revolution reduced welfare benefits and increased military funding. Tax cuts were initiated in
the belief that they would stimulate economic growth, and although the economy improved,
government deficits also increased.
5
In the Second Vietnam War, Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy gave support to the antiCommunist government of South Vietnam, but by 1965 the Vietcong opposition, backed by North
Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh, threatened the survival of the south. In response, Lyndon Johnson, fearing
the collapse of the south would lead to the fall of all of Southeast Asia to Communism-the domino
theory-sent in American combat forces. Casualties mounted among American troops and Vietnamese,
antiwar protests were mounted worldwide. In 1973, Nixon agreed to withdraw American troops, and in
1975, all of Vietnam was reunited by the Communist forces. However, the dominos did not fall.
In the People’s Republic of China, the apex of communist radicalism was the Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966. Mao Zedong was convinced that only “permanent revolution”
could usher in the communist utopia, and young people, as Red Guards, were encouraged to eliminate
the “four olds”-old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits. Property was destroyed, individuals
attacked. However, in 1972 the fervent anti-communist Nixon journeyed to China, and met with Mao.
The result was a lessening of tensions and by the end of the 1970s a “strategic relationship” against any
Soviet threat in Asia. Relations with the Soviet Union also improved with détente. An Antiballistic
Missile Treaty in 1972 saw the US and the Soviets agree to put limits on ABMs, and in 1975 the Helsinki
Agreements signatories recognized existing borders in Europe and agreed to protect the human rights of
their citizens. Détente took a step backwards in 1979 with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan resulting
in American refusal to take part in the Moscow Olympics of 1980. Reagan called the Soviet Union “the
evil empire” and pursued a military buildup including nuclear cruise missiles and the Strategic Defense
Initiative, an anti-missile space shield, nicknamed “Star Wars.”
It was a new era of science, wherein governments and large corporations provide necessary
funding. A space race began when the Soviets launched Sputnick in 1957 and Americans on the moon in
1969. The computer, made possible by the silicon chip, revolutionized society. But scientific
development could lead to environmental disaster, as symbolized by the nuclear power disaster at
Chernobyl in 1986, and environmentalism and various Green political parties and movements.
The ideas of Postmodernism rejected objective truth, and literary critics posted structuralism
and deconstruction as alternative ways to perceive the world when there is no fixed truth. In the arts,
there were “happenings,” and in literature “magical realism” was exemplified by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
and Milan Kundera. Serialism and minimalism were influential in music. Popular culture was
increasingly globalized, and popular music evolved from rock to punk to rap to hip hop, with the music
video showcasing performers. Mass sports, such as football’s World Cup increased in popularity, made
possible by world-wide television. Optimistic observers such as Marshal McLuhan predicted that
cultural differences would diminish, creating a new “global village,” but globalization also had negative
ramifications.
Mark 1:3 Prepare the way of the Lord, make straight His paths
6
_________________________________
1965
1970
Eastern Europe/
Soviet Union
1975
1980
1985
__________________________________________________________
Era of Brezhnev
__Emergence of Solidarity in Poland
__Soviets crush “Prague Spring”
in Czechoslovakia
The West
__Student Revolts
_______________________________________
Golden Age of rock
__Common Market expands
(European Community)
_________________________________________
Second Vietnam War
__Margaret Thatcher becomes
prime minister of Britain
__Organization of Green Party in Germany
_____________Watergate scandal
Time Line Chapter 29
7
8
ESSAY
1.
Identify and discuss the causes and the consequences of the student rebellions of the
1960s and 1970s.
ANS:
2.
Taking into consideration the entire spectrum of human affairs, what was Western
Civilization’s greatest challenge between 1965 and 1985?
ANS:
3.
Discuss the impact of the birth control pill upon western society.
ANS:
4.
Compare and contrast America war in Vietnam and the Soviet Union’s conflict in Afghanistan.
ANS:
5.
What were major economic problems and consequences that plagued the West during the
1970s?
ANS:
6.
In what ways does the post-World War II feminist movement resemble the feminist movement
of the nineteenth century? In what ways is it different?
ANS:
7.
Would it be accurate to say that all, or at least most, of the popular culture of this period was
Postmodern?
ANS:
9
8.
Identify and discuss Marshall McLuhan’s 1960s concept of the “global village.” Has he been an
accurate forecaster of events from the vantage point of the early twenty-first century?
ANS:
9.
Between 1965 and 1985, did new technologies and new scientific discoveries do more to
benefit or to harm the planet and its inhabitants?
ANS:
10.
Is “Americanization” the proper word to use when describing the popular culture of the
Western world since World War II? Why and/or why not? Be specific.
ANS:
11.
Discuss the causes and consequences of the protest movements of the 1960s, including
successes and failures.
ANS:
12.
Were the ongoing processes of globalization doing more to benefit the interests of the
few or of the many? Be sure to sift through the chapter to provide evidence for your answer.
ANS:
Psalm 54:6 God is present as my helper, the Lord sustains my life
10
IDENTIFICATIONS
1.
University of Nanterre, 1968
ANS:
2.
permissive society
ANS:
3.
the birth control pill
ANS:
4.
marijuana
ANS:
5.
Timothy Leary and LSD
ANS:
6.
Herbert Marcuse’s One-Dimensional Man
ANS:
7.
Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique
ANS:
8.
Antiwar protests and Kent State
ANS:
11
9.
Brezhnev Doctrine
ANS:
10.
Lech Walesa and Solidarity
ANS:
11.
Hungary’s Janos Kadar
ANS:
12.
the Prague Spring
ANS:
13.
East Germany’s Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker
ANS:
14.
the Berlin Wall
ANS:
15.
Willy Brandt and Ostpolitik
ANS:
16.
Margaret Thatcher/the “Iron Lady” and Thatcherism
ANS:
12
17.
Falklands Island/war
ANS:
18.
France’s Francois Mitterrand
ANS:
19.
Italy’s Euro communism
ANS:
20.
the European Community/EC
ANS:
21.
Richard Nixon’s “southern strategy”
ANS:
22.
Watergate
ANS:
23.
Jimmy Carter and stagflation
ANS:
24.
Ayatollah Khomeini and American hostages
ANS:
13
25.
the “Reagan revolution” and “supply-side economics”
ANS:
26.
Canada’s Pierre Trudeau and Brian Mulroney
ANS:
27.
Second Vietnam War
ANS:
28.
the Vietcong
ANS:
29.
the domino theory
ANS:
30.
détente
ANS:
31.
Mao Zedong and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
ANS:
32.
the “four olds” and “permanent revolution” and the Red Guards
ANS:
14
33.
Nixon and Zedong and a “strategic relationship”
ANS:
34.
Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972
ANS:
35.
“Equivalence”
ANS:
36.
Helsinki Agreements, 1975
ANS:
37.
the “evil empire”
ANS:
38.
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)/”Star Wars”
ANS:
39.
the space race and Sputnik
ANS:
40.
Grace Hopper and COBOL
ANS:
15
41.
E.F. Schumacher’s Small is Beautiful
ANS:
42.
Chernobyl, 1986
ANS:
43.
Green parties
ANS:
44.
Postmodernism
ANS:
45.
Ferdinand de Saussure and structuralism
ANS:
46.
Jacques Derrida and deconstructionism
ANS:
47.
Allen Kaprow and “happenings”
ANS:
48.
“magic realism” and Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude
ANS:
16
49.
Milan Kundera’s The Unbearable Lightness of Being
ANS:
50.
Olivier Messiaen and serialism
ANS:
51.
Philip Glass’s Einstein on the Beach
ANS:
52.
“peace and love”
ANS:
53.
punk rock and the Sex Pistols and hip-hop and Grandmaster Flash
ANS:
54.
“mass sports,” football/soccer and the World Cup
ANS:
55.
Marshall McLuhan and the “global village”
ANS:
17
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 29
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
18
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 29
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
19
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 29
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
20
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 29
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
21
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 29
22
Chapter 29 Protest and Stagnation:
The Western World, 1965-1985
Name _______________________________________Date______Period________Score_____
Focus Questions
1.
Goals of the revolt in sexual mores, the youth protest, student revolts, feminist movement,
and anti-war protests
2.
Major political movements in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and the
23
United States
3.
Main events of the Cold War including the role of the détente
24
4.
The major social and cultural developments in the Western World
25
5.
The similarities and differences between the feminist movement of the 19th century and
26
the post-World War II movement
27
Spill Over Focus Questions and Answers Chapter 29
28