Travel Opportunity!
March 6th : Trip to Dallas
Visit the new
Perot Museum of
Nature & Science
&
Museum of
Biblical Art
hosted by Babs Cape
signup in Lobby
websites: www.SeniorUniv.org
www.VagabondGeology.com
Ancient Pathways
Ancient Peoples
Week 4: into Asia
Week 3: into Europe
Week 2: into Africa
Week 1: beginning in East Africa
websites: www.SeniorUniv.org
www.VagabondGeology.com
SESSION 5
Week 6: into Americas
Week 5: across Beringia
- Stone Age Timeline
Week 4: into Asia
- into
Beringia:
an Ice Age
Week
3:
Europe
Across
Beringia
Week 2:- into
Africa of Human Development
Ages
Week 1: beginning in East Africa
The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)
EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire
Week
Week
Week213
Australopithecus
Paranthropus
(Tanzania)
(South Africa)
-- Laetoli
Cradle of Humk’d
- Oldupai Gorge
Homo group
sapiens
The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)
Week
thisWeek
week 34
(China)
(Beringia)
(France)
- -Banpo
People
- Prince
of Wales
Is.
Lascaux
EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire
Upper Paleolithic
Week
Week
Week213
(Tanzania)
Neolithic
Australopithecus
(South Africa)
(New Stone Age)
(Late Stone Age) -- Laetoli
Cradle
of
Civil’n
Paranthropus
- pottery
- symbolic thought - Oldupai Gorge
- farming
- language
Homo
- livestock sapiens
- domesticated
dogsgroup
Glacial
Ages
Ice Ages
- long term reduction in temperature of
earth’s surface and atmosphere
- presence or expansion of:
• polar ice sheets
• continental ice sheets
• glaciers
- intermittent pulses of extra cold (glacials)
& warmer periods (inter-glacials) within
a Glacial Age
Glacial Ages
Geologic Time Scale
- long
term
reduction
in
temperature
of
today
earth’s surface and atmosphere
- presence or expansion of:
• polar ice sheets
• continental ice sheets
• glaciers
- intermittent pulses of extra cold (glacials)
& warmer periods (inter-glacials) within
a Glacial Age
650 mya
Glacial Ages
650 mya
today
Glacial Ages
average global temperature
72o
63o
54o
GLACIAL AGES
650 mya
Andean-Saharan
Huronian & Sturtian/Marinoan
Karoo
Pliocene-Quarternary
today
Glacial Ages
Let’s look at details . . .the last Glacial Age
72o
63o
54o
began: 2.6 mya
Last 4 glacial pulses: 650,000 years ago
Pliocene-Quarternary
Last 4 Glacial
Pulses
Ice Ages
& Glaciers
focus on
the4 last
2 glacial
pulses
Last
Glacial
Pulses
focus on the last 2 glacial pulses
- 180,000
0
focus on the last 2 glacial pulses
- 180,000
0
present
TIME
GLACIAL
OR
INTER-GLACIAL
- 180,000
Human
Migration
into
North
America!
focus
on the last
2 glacial
pulses
- 180,000
0
Human Migration into Asia
North. .America!
.
. . . starting in
East Africa
continued across Asia into the Americas . .
Two theories on migration into the Americas
continued across Asia into the Americas . .
Two theories on migration into the Americas
Land Route
THEORY
Coastal Route
Two theories on migration into the Americas
Human Migration into North America . . .
in the last 50,000 years . . .
when did events favor migration?
- 180,000
0
Human Migration into North America . . .
interglacial
best chance during
glacial recessions
Let’s go & look
Keep in mind . . .
Pre-Clovis: < 13,000
Clovis: > 13,000
glacial
Beringia
must
cross
Land Bridge
Bering
Strait
53 miles
X
Pre-Clovis
Clovis
humans??
Land Route
Coastal Route
Two theories on migration into the Americas
Two theories on migration into the Americas
between
the glacier
& the
ice sheet
surface view
Land Route
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
North
South
edge of the ice sheet
cold, hostile climate!
Two theories on migration into the Americas
surface view
along 100’s of miles
of frozen coastline
Land Route
Sea Route
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Two
theories challenge
on migration
the Americas
awesome
of into
migrating
by sea
along 100’s of miles
of frozen coastline
Sea Route
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Two
theories
on Route:
migration
into
the Americas
Land
awesome
challenge
ofBERINGIA
migrating
by sea
Land Route
Sea Route
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Two theories
on Route:
migrationBERINGIA
into the Americas
Land
Land Route
Sea Route
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Land Route: BERINGIA
Today
Siberia
53 miles of water
Arctic Ocean
Bering Strait
Alaska
Yukon
Pacific Ocean
Land Route: BERINGIA
during the last ice age . . . vast glaciers formed . . . .
. . . sea level dropped Arctic
400 feet
...
Ocean
. . . exposing the floor of the Bering Sea
. . . connecting Siberia & Alaska
Beringia
Siberia
Alaska
Land
Bridge
Pacific Ocean
Yukon
Beringia
Interpretive
Center
Land Route:
BERINGIA
during the last ice age . . . vast glaciers formed . . . .
. . . Beringia was grassland steppe . . .
. . . with light snowfall . . . . and much plant & animal life
Beringia
Siberia
Alaska
Land
Bridge
The Land Route
Yukon
Beringia Interpretive Center
Beringia Interpretive Center
Beringia Interpretive Center
The Wooly Manmonth
Beringia Interpretive Center
The Wooly Manmonth
- 14 feet tall, 8 tons
- 700 lbs of grasses/day
- adapted to extreme
cold temperature
- 11,000 YBP: extinct
in eastern Beringia
- 3,700 YBP: extinct
in northern Siberia
Beringia Interpretive Center
The Wooly
Manmonth
Giant Beavers
- 8 feet long
- 480 lbs
- shoebox size teeth
- extinct: 10,000 YBP
- 14 feet tall, 8 tons
- 700 lbs of grasses/day
- adapted to extreme
cold temperature
- 11,000 YBP: extinct
in eastern Beringia
- 3,700 YBP: extinct
in northern Siberia
Beringia Interpretive Center
Giant Beavers
- 8 feet long
- 480 lbs
- shoebox size teeth
- extinct: 10,000 YBP
Giant Flat Faced Bear
- 5 feet tall
- 1500 lbs
- largest land predator
of the Ice Age
- almost exclusively
carnivorous
WhoBeringia
were theseInterpretive
Stone Age Homo
sapiens?
Center
Giant Flat Faced Bear
Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?
Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?
- ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation
- blood type, linguistics, & DNA confirm
common ancestry with the Siberian Yupiks
Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?
- ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation
Russia
Canada
North
Pole
Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?
- ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation
Canada
ik
LAND BRIDGE
Russia
North
Pole
Alaskan Yupik
Siberian Yupik
Who
were these
Stone Age
Homo
sapiens?
Two theories
on migration
into
the Americas
- ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation
Land Route
ik
LAND BRIDGE
Siberian Yupik
Sea Route
Alaskan Yupik
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Two theories
Sea Route:
on migration
ALONG THE
intoCOAST
the Americas
Land Route
Sea Route
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Alaska
Panhandle
Sea Route: ALONG THE COAST
Sea Route
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Sea Route: ALONG THE COAST
CANADA
ALASKA
Alaska
Panhandle
Sea Route: ALONG THE COAST
1996: Alaskan paleontologist found human remains 10,300 years old
2008: DNA testing found genetic relatives along the western coast
Alaska -- California – tip of Argentina
On-your-knees Cave
Alaska
Panhandle
Sea Route: ALONG THE COAST
1996: Alaskan paleontologist found human remains 10,300 years old
2008: DNA testing found genetic relatives along the western coast
Alaska -- California – tip of Argentina
Two theories on migration into the Americas
STUDY CONCLUSION:
“an ancient pathway south . . . a coastal migration”
On-your-knees Cave
Sea Route
Alaska
Panhandle
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Sea Route: ALONG THE COAST
DNA also confirmed that the Tlingit Native Americans are
descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ cave man
The ancient remains were transferred to the Tlingits
On-your-knees Cave
Tlingits in Ketchikan
Alaska
Panhandle
Sea Route: ALONG THE COAST
DNA also confirmed that the Tlingit Native Americans are
descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ cave man
The ancient remains were transferred to the Tlingits
Tlingits in Ketchikan
Alaska
Panhandletoday . . . visiting a Tlingit Village
arriving in Ketchikan
Sea Route: ALONG THE COAST
visiting
Nathan Jackson a famous Tlingit
carvera Tlingit Village
Two theories
Sea Route:
on migration
ALONG THE
intoCOAST
the Americas
Tlinglet Totem poles
made by descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ Cave Man
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Two theories on migration into the Americas
across
Land Beringia
Route
ANCESTORS?
Sea the
Route
along
coast
?
our family tree . . . .
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)
Cradle of Humankind
South Africa
homo
Homo
2.5M YBP
‘Nutcracker Man’ (boisei)
‘Little Foot’
‘Ms Ples’
(africanus)
?
X
Australopithecus
3.5M YBP
Laetoli Site
Tanzania
X
Paranthropus
1.8M YBP
Oldupai Gorge
Tanzania
Homo Genus
The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)
Oldupai Gorge
homo
Homo
Tanzania
1.7M YBP
X
1.9M YBP
Cradle of
Humankind
South Africa
?
Homo Genus
homo
Homo
Homo Genus
EUROPE AFRICA
6,400
10,300
28,000
700,000
750,000
1,600,000
1,700,000
1,900,000
sapien
ASIA
NEXT WEEK . . .
Please return all borrowed books!
Week 6: into Americas
Week 5: across Beringia
Meet
the
Texans!
Week 4: into Asia
today - sign up to buy a geology book!
Week 3: into Europe
- sign up for the trip to Dallas!
Week 2: into Africa
Week 1: beginning in East Africa
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-family-tree
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cave
http://orgs.usd.edu/esci/alaska/oykc.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/
http://sepmstrata.org/history/vail.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level#Sea_level_change
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age
http://science.discovery.com/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-shorts-periodic-ice-age.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Range_Arc
http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/student/pachuta1/page1.htm - video
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/Pangaea.html map w/terranes
http://muller.lbl.gov/papers/scicorr.htm
http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usgs/of/text/of89-0554.PDF
http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/geo_history_wa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cave
http://orgs.usd.edu/esci/alaska/oykc.htmll
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupik_peoples
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo
OUR
TRAVEL
TRAVEL
INFORMATION
WEBSITES
WORLDWIDE HOUSING
www.VRBO.com (individual owners within site)
www.homeaway.com (individual owners within site)
AFRICA
Housing:
www.villa-st-leon.co.za/ (private home - owner: Babel Schumacher)
www.christinesbeachcottage.com (private home - owner: Dan & Christine Carter)
http://www.sa-venues.com (individual owners within site)
Safari Travel:
www.Africa-Adventure.com (US based safari company – excellent small group tours)
http://www.classicafricansafaris.com/ (Kenya: Hamish Grant -private safari guide)
http://www.arptravelgroup.com/arp/(Tanzania: Ranger Ltd- private and group safaris)
www.CCAfrica.com (up-scale safaris w/conservation focus)
www.sanparks.org (direct booking for South Africa National Parks)
CHINA
www.cits.net (China International Travel Service)
Guilin: http://en.guilincits.com (agents: Christine, Shelley)
FRANCE
Housing:
http://www.rentapart.com (agent: Annebelle)
http://www.parisattitude.com (agent: Sylvain Guilemin)
Houseboat rental: http://alpha-croisiere.com
Language Classes: OISE Paris website: www.paris.oise.com , phone: 30(0)1-42-22-01-98
SPAIN
Spanish Paradors (hotels) websites: www.parador.es, http://www.paradores-spain.com
central reservations: +34 91-516 6666,
PORTUGAL
parryoun@pomarv.jazznet.pt Portugal private house rental: Carole & Kenneth Parr
http://www.pousadas.pt Portuguese Posadas (hotels) : phone: +351 218 442 001
http://www.pousadasofportugal.com/ phone:351-258-82-7151
Language Classes: Cambridge School website: www.cambridge.pt, phone: 351-213-124-600