“LEADERS”
Julius Caesar > Conquest, Triumvirate, Mark Antony & Cleopatra
Octavian (Augustus Caesar) > “Pax Romana”
Claudius > Britain & Harbors
Nero > Architecture, Eccentricity, Persecution, Controversy
Vespasian >Beautification, Civil Strife, Coliseum & Campaigns
Trajan > Architecture, Engineering, Expansion
Hadrian > Organization, Hadrian’s Wall, Pantheon
Diocletian > “The Diarchy” Persecutions, East vs. West
Constantine > Conversion, Christianity, Constantinople
Julius
Caesar
Veni
Vidi
Vici
'I came I saw I conquered'
Born 100 B.C.E. into Patrician Family
Marriage (Cornelia of Lucius Cornelius Cinna)
Military
Study in Greece
Kidnapping and Revenge
Rise in Politics & Wife’s death
Married again--Pompeia, a relative of
Pompey…then, divorce
Governor of Spain
Joins Crassus and Pompey Triumvirate
Governor of Gaul calls to step down
Deaths Crassus Julia
Schizm
Civil War
Pompey flees then murdered
Conquests in Egypt
Dictator in 48
March 15, 44 B.C., Ides of March
Caesar entered the Senate.
Assassination plot group of 60 senators
Gaius Cassius and Marcus Junius
Brutus
As Caesar entered the Senate,
stabbed 23 times
After Caesar was assassinated, Rome
experienced another 13 years of civil war.
Claudius
41-54
Invalid
Background with relative Caligula
Seized power bribing guards
Fairly popular, intelligent
Empire moves forward:
Conquered Britannia
Built two major aqueducts
Tiberius Claudius
Caesar Augustus
Germanicus
Lured into marrying niece: Agrippina
Sinister plan to convince Claudius to anoint her son-not his--as a successor.
Later met death by poisoning allegedly by Agrippina
servant—mushroom.
Nero
54-68
Opportunity
Fire
Nero Claudius Caesar
Augustus Germanicus
Persecution of Christians
Kills mother: Agrippina
Lavish State project: Palace—Domus Aurea
Innovation vaulted ceiling
Level of slavery enormous
Overthrown
Dramatic Suicide
“What an artist dies in me…”
Leaves a void of bloodline…
Trajan
98-117
Marcus Ulpius
New meaning for “Roman”
Nerva Traianus
AKA Trajan
Appeals to Roman “Sense of Supremacy”
Massive building
Infrastructure:
roads, harbors, baths, aqueducts
‘Conquest for Cash’
Most of any emperor
Dacia
Extended empire
Public Place: ‘A New <Trajan’s> Forum’ 112 CE
Trajan’s Market (Hemicycle <hemicircle>)
Named successor Hadrian prior to his death (stroke)
Hadrian
117-138
Adopted son of Trajan
Publius Aelius Hadrianus
AKA HADRIAN
Tribune to Macedonia and Governor of Syria
Alienated Senate
Lowers taxes, increase games, helps poor children
Focus on frontiers <i.e. Hadrian’s Wall> N. Britain
Inspection tour
Pantheon
Conflict with Architect Apollodorus
"Go away and draw your pumpkins.”
Weakened and paranoid in later years.
Died in villa from suspected cardiac failure
Diocletian
286-305
Control
Gaius Aurelius
Stern measures--Autocratic Valerius Diocletianus
AKA
Diocletian
Reorganization of Provinces
Boated Bureaucracy
Compulsory Services
Diarchy…Tetrarchy:
Diocletian: Eastern half
Maximianus: Western half
Constantius: Gaul, Britain
Galerius: Balkans
Maximum Pricing/Price Controls
resulted in rise of ’Blackmarket’
Christian persecutions