Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The First President
Section 2: Early Challenges
Section 3: The First Political Parties
Visual Summary
The First President
Essential Question What were the
precedents that Washington established as the
first president of the United States?
Early Challenges
Essential Question What challenges did the
United States face during Washington’s
administration?
The First Political Parties
Essential Question How did the Federalist
and Republican Parties form, and on what
issues did they disagree?
What were the precedents that
Washington established as the first
president of the United States?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• precedent
• bond
• cabinet
• unconstitutional
• national debt
• tariff
Academic Vocabulary
• uniform
• accumulate
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Thomas Jefferson
• Alexander Hamilton
• John Jay
• Bill of Rights
Which of the following do you think is the
most important of the Bill of Rights?
A. Freedom of speech
B. The right to a fair trial
D. Protection from unreasonable
search and seizure
0%
D
0%
C
A
B
C
D
0%
B
0%
A
C. The right to keep and
bear arms
A.
B.
C.
D.
President Washington
President Washington and the new
Congress had to make many
decisions about the structure of the
new government.
President Washington (cont.)
• George Washington and the first Congress
established the precedents that would
shape the future of the United States:
– The inaugural address
– Two terms in office
– Creation of the cabinet
– Foreign policy of neutrality
President Washington (cont.)
• In 1789 Congress set up three departments
within the executive branch of government.
The heads of each department became
known as the cabinet.
– The State Department, led by
Thomas Jefferson, handled relations with
other nations.
– The Department of the Treasury, led by
Alexander Hamilton, handled financial
matters.
President Washington (cont.)
– The Department of War handled the
nation’s defense.
• The federal court system was set up by the
Judiciary Act of 1789 in order to reach a
compromise between those who wanted a
uniform legal system and those who
favored state courts.
– Federal courts could overturn state court
decisions, but state laws remained intact.
President Washington (cont.)
– John Jay became the first chief justice of
the Supreme Court
• In order to keep the federal government from
becoming too strong, the Bill of Rights was
added to the Constitution to guarantee
states’ rights and individual civil liberties.
Which of the following is NOT a
branch of the US Government?
A. The Executive branch
B. The Judicial branch
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. The Legislative branch
B
C. The Military branch
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
The New Country’s Economy
The new country’s economy
developed under the guidance of
Alexander Hamilton.
The New Country’s Economy (cont.)
• The new nation faced serious financial
problems with a growing national debt.
• Hamilton asked Congress that bonds, which
had been purchased to fund the Revolution
be paid off at their original value.
• Southern states had accumulated much
less debt than northern states, so Hamilton
agreed to locate the nation’s new capital in
the South in return for southern leaders’
support for his repayment plan.
The New Country’s Economy (cont.)
• Much discussion was held about whether the
creation of a national bank was
unconstitutional.
• Hamilton proposed a tariff on foreign goods
and established national taxes on goods like
whiskey to help pay off the national debt.
Economics & History
Which of the following is not a part of
Alexander Hamilton’s plan for
strengthening the nation’s economy?
A. Repaying debt to
foreign countries
0%
D
0%
A
D. Issuing bonds to
American citizens
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Collecting national taxes
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Establishing a
national bank
What challenges did the United
States face during Washington’s
administration?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• neutrality
• impressment
Academic Vocabulary
• challenge
• maintain
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Whiskey Rebellion
• Battle of Fallen Timbers
• Treaty of Greenville
• Edmond Genêt
• Jay’s Treaty
• Pinckney’s Treaty
Do you think it is right for the U.S.
government to use force to keep order?
A. Yes, always
A
0%
0%
C
C. No, never
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
B. Yes, under certain
circumstances
The Whiskey Rebellion and the West
The new government was faced
with challenges in Pennsylvania and
on the frontier.
The Whiskey Rebellion and the West
(cont.)
• An armed mob of Pennsylvania farmers,
angry at the government-imposed whiskey
tax, attacked tax collectors and burned down
buildings.
• Washington and his advisors met this
challenge by crushing the
Whiskey Rebellion, sending a message to
the people that the government would use
force when necessary to maintain order.
The Whiskey Rebellion and the West
(cont.)
• Washington made treaties with Native
Americans, hoping to lessen Spanish and
British influence on them.
• Many Americans believed that an alliance
with France would help them defeat the
British, Spanish, and Native Americans in
the West.
• A defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
crushed the Native Americans’ hopes of
keeping their land.
The Whiskey Rebellion and the West
(cont.)
• In the Treaty of Greenville, the United
States claimed most of the land in what is
now Ohio from Native American groups.
Native American Campaigns
Which of the following is not a Native
American Nation?
A. Shawnee
B. Miami
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Manatee
B
C. Cherokee
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Problems with Europe
President Washington wanted the
nation to remain neutral in foreign
conflicts.
Problems with Europe (cont.)
• Washington wanted the United States to
maintain neutrality when England and
France went to war in 1793
• When French diplomat Edmond Genêt tried
to recruit American volunteers to fight the
British, Washington issued a Proclamation of
Neutrality.
• The British practice of impressment was to
capture American trading ships and force
American crews into the British navy.
Problems with Europe (cont.)
• In Jay’s Treaty, the British agreed to
withdraw from American soil, but did not
agree to stop the practice of impressment.
• Pinckney’s Treaty gave the Americans free
navigation of the Mississippi River and the
right to trade at New Orleans.
Jay’s Treaty was an agreement with
what country?
A. Spain
B. France
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Russia
B
C. Britain
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
How did the Federalist and
Republican Parties form, and on what
issues did they disagree?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• partisan
• sedition
• implied powers
• nullify
• caucus
• states’ rights
• alien
Academic Vocabulary
• resolve
• principle
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• XYZ affair
• Alien and Sedition Acts
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
What do you think is the most important
principle of Jefferson’s Republican party?
A. Strong emphasis on
states’ rights
0%
D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Protection of civil liberties
0%
A
C. Strict interpretation of
the Constitution
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Accessibility of politics
to the average citizen
Opposing Views
By 1796, Americans began to take
opposing sides on issues. Two
political parties emerged from the
debates.
Opposing Views (cont.)
• Washington and Hamilton disapproved of
political parties, worrying that they would
divide the nation. Others, like Thomas
Jefferson, favored their formation.
• Though he tried to remain neutral,
Washington was often partisan to
Hamilton’s views, supporting Hamilton’s
beliefs in the implied powers of the federal
government.
Opposing Views (cont.)
• By the mid-1790s, two distinct political
parties formed:
– the Federalists
– the Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans
• In addition to the difference in their
interpretation of the Constitution, the two
parties also disagreed over the role of the
American citizen in politics.
Opposing Views (cont.)
• In the presidential election of 1976:
– Federalists and Republicans held
caucuses.
– The Republicans nominated Thomas
Jefferson.
– The Federalists nominated John Adams.
– In the end, John Adams received 71
electoral votes, winning the election.
Which of the following was NOT a
United States political party?
A. Democrats
B. Revisionists
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Federalists
B
C. Republicans
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
President John Adams
During his administration, President
John Adams faced a dispute with
France and the issue of states’
rights at home.
President John Adams (cont.)
• The XYZ Affair of 1797 was a French
attempt to collect bribes to help resolve the
United States’ conflict with France.
• Americans began to grow suspicious of
aliens, especially those from France, and
feared sedition.
The Alien and Sedition Acts
President John Adams (cont.)
• In response to the Federalists’ Alien and
Sedition Acts, the Republicans drafted the
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which
sought to preserve individual liberties and
nullify federal laws they deemed
unconstitutional.
• The principle of states’ rights gained
strength among the Republicans.
Which of the following is true of the Virginia and
Kentucky Resolutions?
A. They were drafted by
Federalists opposing Republican
uses of federal power.
D. They rejected the principle
of state’s rights.
0%
0%
D
0%
A
B
C
D
C
C. They distributed land to settlers
in Virginia and Kentucky.
A
0%
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
B. They claimed that the Alien and
Sedition Acts violated the constitution.
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precedent
a tradition
cabinet
a group of advisers to the president
national debt
the amount of money a national
government owes to other
governments or its people
bond
a note issued by the government,
which promises to pay off a loan with
interest
unconstitutional
not agreeing or consistent with the
Constitution
tariff
a tax on imports or exports
uniform
identical; unchanging
accumulate
collect; gather together
neutrality
a position of not taking sides in a
conflict
impressment
forcing people into service, as in
the navy
challenge
demanding situation
maintain
keep or uphold
partisan
favoring one side of an issue
implied powers
powers not specifically mentioned in
the Constitution
caucus
a meeting held by a political party to
choose its party’s candidate for
president or to decide policy
alien
an immigrant living in a country in
which he or she is not a citizen
sedition
activities aimed at weakening
established government
nullify
to cancel or make ineffective
states’ rights
rights and powers independent of the
federal government that are reserved
for the states by the Constitution; the
belief that states’ rights supersede
federal rights and law
resolve
bring to an end
principle
basic or fundamental reason, truth,
or law
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