Ethics (presentation adapted from Prof. J. Christman’s and A. Lau’s Workshop on Ethics) Our goal: systematic approach Definition Ethical Frameworks Definition of Ethics • “Positive guidelines we use to shape our behavior, and the systematic study of these guidelines” • More than just – being prudent out of self interest – following the letter of the law – abiding by professional codes of conduct Thinking Ethically • Foreseeing and averting problems • Becoming ethically aware • Developing moral imagination – Maximalist always looking for ethical problems – Minimalist looks only for minimal criteria to signal an ethical problem – Finding the right balance Ethical Frameworks • Consequence-based thinking • Duty-based thinking • Virtue-based thinking Consequence-based • Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill • Utilitarian • Do what produces greatest good for the greatest number of people – Monetary costs and benefits – Human welfare – Pleasure or happiness Consequence-based (cont’d) • Limitations: – Difficult to predict consequences – Can end up reducing ethics to economics – Differing views of what makes people happy – Ends do not justify the means if the means are morally unacceptable – Formally, this theory does not pertain to nonhuman life Duty-based • Emmanuel Kant • Categorical imperative (do only that which you would want everyone to do) • “What if everyone did this?” (Golden Rule) • Duty to obey universal principles – e.g., never lie or steal • The right to be treated with respect • NO EXCEPTIONS Duty-based (cont’d) • Limitations: – Requires everyone to be a perfect reasoner – Does not allow for situational exceptions – Sometimes, consequences do matter and may override our duty – Formally, this theory does not pertain to nonhuman life Virtue-based • What would a person of “good moral character” do? • Exercise appropriate virtue in every case – e.g. honesty, respect, generosity • Must use judgment to determine applicable virtue (as opposed to ethical rules) Virtue-based • Limitations: – Virtues may be defined too loosely to guide decisions in difficult cases – Virtues may be defined in terms of social setting or culture, making morality relativistic – Formally, this theory does not pertain to nonhuman life Overarching Rule of Thumb • Shorthand Principle that combines all 3 moral frameworks: Can I reasonably justify my actions and their consequences to all affected in a way that is consistent with my integrity and my relations with others? If not, can I live with that? General Guide to Ethical Thinking Redo other steps reflect, choose, revisit decision use moral imagination Am I missing something? gather facts how will relations Thinking/Acting formulate options be affected? (creatively) Ethically what consult others virtues apply? identify consider consequences -identify optimal option relevant Think through ethical duties frameworks carefully Engage stakeholders -- as appropriate