Don’t worry, you’ll Like him, he’s a
fungi!
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Kingdom Fungi differ in
form, size and color
Oldest fossils are 450500 million years old
Most grow best in moist,
warm environments
between 20-30°C
Most are multicellular
(except yeasts)
Heterotrophic,
Decomposers
Phylum is replaced with
divisions
http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/biodiv
ersity/crypfungi.html
Structure of a Fungi
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You should take care in eating
wild mushrooms, they have
evolved to be poisonous!
Hyphae – threadlike
filaments which develop
from fungal spores
Hyphae elongate at their
tips and branch
extensively to form a
network of filaments
called a mycelium.
Mycelium – (many
types) some anchor the
fungus, others invade
the food source, or
function as a
reproductive structure
Plants versus Fungi
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Like plants, they grow
anchored in the soil
and have cell walls.
Unlike plants, which
have cell walls made
of cellulose, fungi
use a complex
carbohydrate called
chitin.
Chitin gives the fungal
cell walls both
strength and
flexibility.
Fungal Feeding
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There are 3 ways
heterotrophic Fungi feed:
– Saprophytes are
decomposers and feed on
waste or dead organic
material.
– Mutualists live in a
symbiotic relationship
with another organism
like an alga.
– Parasites absorb
nutrients from the living
cells of their hosts
 Specialized hyphae
called haustoria
Fungal Reproduction
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One important criterion
for classifying fungi into
divisions is their patterns
of reproduction
Fragmentation – pieces
of hyphae broken off a
mycelium grow into new
mycelia.
Unicellular fungi (yeast)
reproduce by asexual
budding.
Most fungi produce
spores: specialized
mycelium called
sporangium.
– Protects the spores before
being released and keeps
them moist
http://www.yout
ube.com/watch?
v=iPO4Rry4m4U
&feature=relate
d
Advantage of Spores
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Protection from harm
(sporangium)
Small & lightweight, can be
dispersed by wind, water, animals
– Wind can disperse a spore 100s
of kilometers.
Produce a large number of spores
at one time
– A puffball 23 cm in
circumference produces about
1 Trillion spores!
– Greater survival in numbers
Fungi can produce 2 types of
spores:
– Mitosis (asexual phase)
– Meiosis (sexual phase)
Common Molds
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Members of
Zygomycota
Called “Pin molds” or
“sugar molds”
Attack breads &
fruits
900 species
Root-like hyphae
called rhizoids
penetrate the bread’s
surface, stem-like
hyphae called stolons
run along the bread
Sac Fungi
Ascomycotes – have
ascus, reproductive
structure that
contains spores
 30,000 species
 Includes: cup fungi,
yeast, morels, truffles
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Club Fungi
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Basidomycotes:
have club-shaped
hyphae (basidia)
which produce
basidospores
25,000 species
Include: puffballs,
shelf fungus,
mushrooms
Imperfect Fungi
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Deuteromycotes:
reproduce asexually
25,000 species
Species are varied,
can not be assigned
to other phyla
Includes penicillin,
blue cheese veins
A unique fungi: Lichen
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Lichen – a symbiotic
association between a
fungus & a green
alga
Only need light, air,
minerals to grow
Awesome case of
Mutualism…
– The photosynthetic alga
provides the food for
the organism
– The fungus provides the
alga with water,
minerals and protects
it from the
environment.
Yeast Respiration Experiment
In this experiment, you will observe cellular respiration in yeast. In
each of the four test tubes is Bromothymol Blue (turns yellow when it
detects cell respiration) kept at 40 degrees Celsius.
Test
Test
Test
Test
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
1
2
3
4
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Yeast and Sugar
Yeast, No Sugar
Sugar Only
No Sugar, No Yeast
Pre-lab Predictions
1. What is the product of cellular
respiration that we are trying to detect?
2. What type of respiration occurs in
yeast? (Hint: no Oxygen needed!)
3. Name one of the two constants in this
experiment.
4. Which test tube # is the control?
 Generate
now!
your hypothesis in your notes
Observe and Reflect
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K
TOrpHsbsZQ
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Was your hypothesis supported or rejected?
– Why or why not?
What 3-letter energy carrier is made through this
process for the yeast?
How do you think you could get the yeast to
undergo more cell respiration?
Answers
 1.
Carbon Dioxide Gas
 2. Anaerobic Respiration (Alcoholic
Fermentation!)
 3. Bromothymol Blue or
Temperature (40°C)
 4. Test Tube #4 is the control
 Energy Carrier: ATP (2)
 Add more food!
– (aka Sugar to the yeast)