Shadow of War
Rise of Totalitarian Dictators
POLITICAL SPECTRUM
DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS
LEFT WING
RIGHT WING
LIBERAL
RADICAL
CONSERVATIVE
MODERATE
RADICAL
REVOLUTIONARY:
REACTIONARY:
Wants drastic change
and believes it requires
drastic action (revolution)
Wants to go back
to the way things
were
Totalitarianism
Definition and Examples
• TOTAL government, or state
sponsored control over all
aspects of social and
political life.
• NO religious freedom
• NO political freedom
• NO individual freedom
• NO opposition to authority!
Germany Faces Economic Collapse
•After WWI
economic despair
(because of the Treaty
of Versailles)
U.S. RESPONSE:
• U.S. Isolationism (No
League of Nations)
• Loaned money to
Germany
•Germans blame the
Weimer Republic (their
government) for their
hardships.
The Rise of Hitler
• Superior “Aryan” racedestined to control
inferior races and to rule
the world.
• Hated Jews and
Communists
• Promised benefits to
peasants, workers, and
the middle class.
The Rise of Hitler
• Took control of all aspects of government, outlawed
political opposition, and censored dissent.
The Rise of Hitler
• Anti-Semitic Policies:
– Forbidden in jobs
– No citizenship
– Banned marriages
– All must register
– Looted, arrested,
murdered
The Rise of Hitler
• Promised economic
recovery, and territorial
expansion
• Foreign and domestic
strength
• Rebuilt military
• Increased taxes and
controlled wages and
prices
U.S. Response
• We were focused on our own recovery-not
the stop of fascism or Nazism!
• U.S. as a whole-STAY OUT!
• Disarmament, arms control, and
international agreements.
Fascism in Italy
• Italian Imperialism
– Wanted to create
an empire
• Italy takes over
Ethiopia (1935)
– League of Nations
doesn’t stop them
(only offers
sanctions)
The Reggae Connection
• Haile Selassie I was the
Emperor of Ethiopia from
1930-1974
• Ethiopian Orthodox
Christian
• Protested the use of
poison gas on his people
by the Italians
• Is considered the
“returned” Messiah of
the Bible by the Rastafari
movement
Bob Marley’s “War”
•
Until the philosophy which hold one race

Superior and another inferior
Is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned
Everywhere is war, me say war
That until there are no longer first class
And second class citizens of any nation
Until the colour of a man's skin
Is of no more significance than the colour of his eyes
Me say war
That until the basic human rights are equally
Guaranteed to all, without regard to race
Dis a war
And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes
that hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique,
South Africa sub-human bondage
Have been toppled, utterly destroyed
Well, everywhere is war, me say war
War in the east, war in the west
War up north, war down south
War, war, rumours of war
And until that day, the African continent
Will not know peace, we Africans will fight
We find it necessary and we know we shall win
As we are confident in the victory
That until that day
The dream of lasting peace, world citizenship
Rule of international morality
Will remain in but a fleeting illusion
To be persued, but never attained
Now everywhere is war, war
Of good over evil, good over evil, good over evil
Good over evil, good over evil, good over evil

U.S. Response
Neutrality Acts of 1935• Forbade the sale of arms to militarily
aggressive nations
• Prohibited American travel on ships of
countries at war
• No loans to countries at war
The Rise of Militarism in Japan
• Military-controlled
government
• Dictatorship
• Tojo (General) &
Hirohito (Emperor)
• Build up military
• Want to expand control
in Asia
• Allow no opposition
The Rise of Militarism in Japan
• In 1931-Japan attacks Manchuria (region of
China)
• Signed a military agreement with Italy and
Germany-the Axis Powers (1936)
The “Rape” of Nanjing, 1937
• Six-week rape and mass murder spree in
Nanking (Nanjing), China by Japanese
soldiers
U.S. Response
• Said harsh words but took no action!
Hitler Violates the Treaty of Versailles
• Reoccupies the Rhineland, 1936
Hitler Violates the Treaty of Versailles
• Hitler creates Luftwaffe, 1935
FDR’s “Quarantine” Speech
• Given in Chicago,
October 5, 1937
• Denounced
dictatorships
• Said troublesome
nations (Japan,
Germany, and Italy)
should be
“quarantined”
FDR’s “Quarantine” Speech
• “The peace, the freedom, and the security of 90
percent of the population of the world is being
jeopardized by the remaining 10 percent, who
are threatening a breakdown of all international
order and law. Surely the 90 percent who want
to live in peace under the law and in accordance
with moral standards that have received almost
universal acceptance through the centuries, can
and must find some way to make their will
prevail…There must be positive endeavors to
preserve peace.”
FDR’s Quarantine Speech
Step 1
• Divide into groups of six
• Each student in the group take one scenario
• Answer questions (a) and (b): (a) In the light
of FDR’s speech, what would you have
expected FDR to do? (b) What would have
resulted if he had followed this expected line
of action?
FDR’s Quarantine Speech
Step 2
• In groups of six, pool the results
FDR’s Quarantine Speech
Step 3
• Regroup yourself so you are working with
other students who focused on the same
scenario as you did.
• Discuss in your group the ONE contra-factual
(“What If…”) question from the Question List
that applies to your group.
• Discuss and answer all questions in Part B as
a group and be prepared to present to the
class
1. What if FDR had sent the fleet to the
Yangtze River and landed troops in China?
• A. What issues would this action have raised?
• What additional information would you want to
know to determine whether or not it would have
been a sound policy?
• What would have been likely consequences of the
proposed action?
• What alternative actions would have been possible?
• What policy would you have recommended in the
situation? How would you justify your choice?
2. What if FDR had viewed Russia’s invasion of
Finland as an act of war and immediately ordered the
Air Force to supply the Finnish army?
• A. What issues would this action have raised?
• What additional information would you want to
know to determine whether or not it would have
been a sound policy?
• What would have been likely consequences of the
proposed action?
• What alternative actions would have been possible?
• What policy would you have recommended in the
situation? How would you justify your choice?
3. What if FDR had declared war on
Germany for sinking the Robin Moor?
• A. What issues would this action have raised?
• What additional information would you want to
know to determine whether or not it would have
been a sound policy?
• What would have been likely consequences of the
proposed action?
• What alternative actions would have been possible?
• What policy would you have recommended in the
situation? How would you justify your choice?
4. What if FDR had not offered aid to
the Soviet Union?
• A. What issues would this action have raised?
• What additional information would you want to
know to determine whether or not it would have
been a sound policy?
• What would have been likely consequences of the
proposed action?
• What alternative actions would have been possible?
• What policy would you have recommended in the
situation? How would you justify your choice?
5. What if FDR had approved
Japan’s action?
• A. What issues would this action have raised?
• What additional information would you want to
know to determine whether or not it would have
been a sound policy?
• What would have been likely consequences of the
proposed action?
• What alternative actions would have been possible?
• What policy would you have recommended in the
situation? How would you justify your choice?
6. What if Prince Konoye and FDR had met at
Honolulu and reached an agreement?
• A. What issues would this action have raised?
• What additional information would you want to
know to determine whether or not it would have
been a sound policy?
• What would have been likely consequences of the
proposed action?
• What alternative actions would have been possible?
• What policy would you have recommended in the
situation? How would you justify your choice?
FDR’s Quarantine Speech
Step 4
• Report your group’s conclusion to the class