Unit 3: Industrialization and
Nationalism
Early Conflicts
 Independence from Spain – 1821
 Under rule of Antonio de Santa Anna (1833-1855)
 Benito Juarez came to power & tried to reform
economy, 1855
 Led to civil war (1858-1861)
Second Mexican Empire, 1864-1867
 1861 – French Emperor Napoleon III est. puppet govt.
under Maximilian (Austrian Archduke)
 Maximilian executed after French withdrew troops
 Mexico re-established republic under B.Juarez

Juarez died & Porfirio Diaz took over
 Est. dictatorship that favored wealthy
 Imprisoned opponent- reformer Francisco Madero

Madero released, fled to US, and starts rebellion
 Supported by Pancho Villa & Emilio Zapata, who led
raids against Diaz govt.
 Madero elected president in 1912 but soon
overthrown by army (Gen. Victoriano Huerta)
 Both Villa & Zapata attacked Huerta’s army in protest
 U.S. Marines sent to restore order in 1912
Venustiano
Carranza
1914: Huerta resigns / Venustiano Carranza
became new president
 U.S. recognized Carranza govt. but Villa &
Zapata start another civil war
 Villa attacks Texas towns to discourage U.S.
 US Army chases Villa back into Mexico but fail
to catch him
 Villa agrees to stop attacks by 1920
 1917- Carranza works to reform Mexico but
unable to lead them out of poverty

1860s – Cuba fought for independence from
Spain
 Spain exiled revolutionary leaders
 Jose Marti inspires Cuban revolutionaries from NYC


1895- Marti founds Cuban Revolutionary Party,
returns to Cuba, joins uprising against Spanish
Spain overreact; tries to crush rebellion, killing
Marti

Spanish Gen. Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler est.
concentration camps & commits atrocities

U.S. sympathy for Cuba
 Seen as “freedom fighters”
 Power of press – yellow journalism

“Remember the Maine”
 Feb. 1898 – USS Maine explodes
in Havana Harbor
 Papers blame Spanish espionage

“A Splendid Little War”
 U.S. easily defeated Spain in Cuba & Philippines in less than 3
months
 U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, & Philippines in treaty; Cuba
becomes U.S. protectorate (Platt Amendment)

Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, rebel
against U.S. imperialism
 Believed they would be independent after
Spanish control
 Over 200,000 Filipinos killed! ; Revolt failed

U.S. controls Philippines till 1935


1880s–French began construction; bogged down
U.S. bought land in 1903 but Colombia (in
control over Panama) refused to let U.S. build
 Pres. T. Roosevelt encouraged revolution to
overthrow Colombian govt. & make Panama
independent country
 Revolution successful & U.S. given permission to
continue with canal

Completed in 1914 (made trip from CA to NY
8,000 mi. shorter)
The U.S. Warns Europe



1823 – Monroe Doctrine
issued declaring the
Americas to be off limits to
Europe
By late 1800s, Europe
economically involved in
Latin America
T.R. developed Roosevelt
Corollary to Monroe
Doctrine; U.S. would use
military force to keep
Europe out
The U.S. Intervenes in Latin
American Affairs

US will send troops several
times in 1900s to keep
stability in area
 Haiti, Dominican Republic,
Nicaragua, & Cuba

Took over control of these
nations’ finances to keep
Europe out & “prevent
financial chaos”