Parenting
•Changing roles within the relationship
–Polarizing Gender ID
–Expectations vs. Reality
•Story of Jani
•Drawing a Family- Artistic Ability Not Assumed
Beginnings
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Began with Erikson (1963)- Looked at two
dimensions of parental behavior
Affection (Warm/Responsive vs Cold/Hostile)
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Amount of positive emotion displayed toward
children
Responsiveness toward child behavior
Control (permissive vs restrictive)
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Amount of autonomy parent allows the child
Degree to which parent monitors the child
behavior
2 Dimensions
Affection
Low
High
 Control 
Low
High
Parent Behaviors
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Developed four types of parenting behaviors
based on these two dimensions
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Affectionate (accepting, warm and responsive)
parents
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Smile, praise, encourage children
more likely to use positive reinforcement and
encouragement
Limit criticism, punishment, and disapproval
Attentive to child’s behavior
Unresponsive (rejecting, cold and hostile) parents
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Critical, belittle, punish, ignore children
quick to criticize, punish
put downs
ignore child
Which is Better?
Parent Behaviors
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Controlling (restrictive) parents
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Set limits on child’s behavior
impose many demands and has high standards
high levels of monitoring to make sure rules are
followed
May ease up, less restrictive as child gets older
Uncontrolling (permissive) parents
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Make few demands
Set few limits on child’s behavior
Allow child to make choices independently
Allow child to express emotions (positive and
negative)
Don’t monitor their child’s activities
Which is Better?
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
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Took Erikson’s Dimensions and put them
together (created 4 quadrants)
HighControlling/Restrictive
Affection
 Control 
LowUnresponsive/
Cold
LowUncontrolling/Permissive
High –
Affectionate/
Accepting
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
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Four Distinct Parenting Styles
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Authoritarian (Controlling and low
acceptance/low responsiveness)
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Very restrictive pattern
High levels of punishment to enforce rules
Not sensitive to opposing viewpoints
High levels of rules (often w/o explanation“b/c I said so”)
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
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Authoritative (controlling and responsive/
accepting)
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Flexible style of parenting
More freedom for child
Rules, but provide rationales for the limits they
set
Monitor to ensure the child follows rules
Accepting of and responsive to children’s
views
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
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Permissive (uncontrolling/uninvolved and
warm/responsive)
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Lax pattern of parenting
Few demands
Child allowed to freely express views
Little to no monitoring of child activities
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
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Uninvolved- (uncontrolling & unresponsive/
unaccepting)
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Lax pattern of parenting
Makes few demands
Rejecting of the child
Detached parenting
Neglectful
HighControlling/Restrictive
LowUnresponsive/
Cold
Affection
Uninvolved
 Control 
Authoritarian
Authoritative
High –
Affectionate/
Accepting
Permissive
LowUncontrolling/Permissive
Which style would be associated
with the best child outcomes?
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Authoritative
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Early
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Adolescence
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Increased cognitive skills
increased social skills
Increased academic achievement
Increased Prosocial behaviors
Increased high self esteem
Authoritarian
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Early
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Average to low cognitive skills
Average to low social skills
Adolescence
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Average to low academic achievement
Average to low peer relationships- though more conforming
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Permissive
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Early
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Decreased cognitive skills
Decreased social skills- impulsive
Adolescence
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Outcomes
Decreased academic achievement
Increased drug use
Poor self-control
Uninvolved (research done by others later)
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Early
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Attachment problems
Increased aggression
Decreased emotional control, low self-esteem
Adolescence
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Increased aggression
Decreased academic achievement
Increased delinquency, drug use, sexual misconduct
Other Populations
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Military & Factory worker households
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Ethnic minorities (Af. Am, Nat Am,
Latino)
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Authoritarian parenting
Permissive until school age
Then authoritative or authoritarian
Asian cultures (especially Chinese)more authoritarian positive results