Marine Fuels
Where are we?
Where are we going?
How will we get there?
PETROLEUM SERVICES INC.
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
rudolph.kassinger@dnvps.com
Sulfur content vs.
Viscosity Grade -- 2006
Visc, cSt @ 50oC
World
Singapore
% Sulfur
Rotterdam
"60"
1.86
-
-
-
-
"180"
2.51
2.85
2.39
3.38
3.36
"380"
2.66
3.16
2.60
3.46
3.45
"500"
2.78
3.79
2.83
3.15*
3.11*
Fujairah
Houston
*<1% samples
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 2
2006 Fuel Quality by Sulfur Range
0.5% Sulfur Increments
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 3
2006 Fuel Quality by Sulfur Range
0.5% Sulfur Increments
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 4
Where Are We Going?*
• From: “The Impact of Marine Emission Legislation on the Bunker Industry”, by Robin Meech, presented at
IPIECA Workshops on Marpol Annex VI Singapore, Washington, Brussels, February 2006
RMeech@RobinMeech.com
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 5
Residue Properties
ATMOSPHERIC
VACUUM
Crude
%S
Dens
%
Dens
cSt @ 99oC
%S
*
%
Dens
cSt @ 99oC
% S**
**
Arab Hvy
2.85
898
53.7
981
96
4.35
(82)
23.1
1051
59e3
6.01
(59)
Arab Lt
1.79
856
44.6
951
24
3.10
(77)
14.7
1022
1.8e3
4.34
(46)
WTI
0.35
835
40.3
923
21
0.68
(78)
10.4
984
1.2e3
1.04
(39)
Brent
0.26
831
36.8
840
12
0.58
(82)
5.6
986
7.7e2
1.07
(28)
6
0.29
(29)
Ardjuna
0.10
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
837
34.5
918
16
0.18
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
(62)
6.2
1023
5.5e
Slide 6
Blending to Low % Sulfur Specs
% S hi
-
% S Spec
% S hi
-
% S MGO
wt. % MGO =
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 7
Blending to a Low Sulfur Limit
Examples, IFO to 1.5% S
Blended Fuel Visc
Function of MDO Visc @ 40oC
10 cSt
25 cSt
IFO, 380 cSt
%S
MDO, 0.5% S (0.1%)
wt. % MDO needed
3.5
66.7
19(58.8)
(25) 39
(49)
2.0
33.3
67(26.3)
(92) 107
(137)
Examples, EXAMPLES
Residue to 0.5% S
0.68 - 0.5
% MGO
=
= 26.5 wt. %
0.68 - 0
1.04 - 0.5
% MGO
=
= 51.9 wt. %
1.04 - 0
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 8
*
From: Refining to Meet Low S Bunker Fuel, A. Madden, Exxon Mobil, Marpol Annex VI consultation Meeting, February
23, 2006
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 9
Tanker Case Study*
from Well to Hull
Total (Mbtu/trip or kg/trip) a
Variable
CD
R0
LSD
Total energy
19,901
18,013
22,624
Fossil fuel
19,850
17,981
22,562
Petroleum
18,267
17,145
20,539
CO2 (tons)
1,537
1,512
1,781
41,786
41,396
46,439
PM10
327
1,272
370
SOx
627
20,447
440
NOx
SOURCE: Energy Use and Emissions from Marine Vessels: A Total Fuel Life
Cycle Approach, J. J. Winebrake, J.J. Corbett and P.E. Meyer, Journal of
the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, January 2007.
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 10
Near Term
Practical Considerations
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 11
Changeover Calculations
4.5 MT/hr consumption. Full service and settling
tanks at start of change-over
Fuel Change Over
4.00
80.0
Change-over time to
reach 1.5% S
3.50
70.0
3.00
2.50
Sulphur [%m/m]
4
LSFO %Sulfur
60.0
1.5
99
2.00
40.0
3
1.5
92
2
1.5
76
1.50
1.00
0.50
4
1
45
0.00
2
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
3
50.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
1
Settling tank
Sulphur [%]
1
Time [hr]
Service Tank
Sulphur [%]
Settling tank
Volume [m3]
38
27
Settling Tank Volume [m3]
HFO % Sulfur
Changeover Calculations
4.5 MT/hr consumption. 25% fill of service and
empty settling tank at start of change-over
Change-over time to
reach 1.5% S (hours)
HFO % Sulfur
LSFO % Sulfur
4
1.5
22
3
1.5
20
2
1.5
16
4
1
8
3
1
7
2
1
5
Possible Quality Problems
with Low Sulfur Residual Fuel

Fuel Stability / Compatibility

Ignition / Combustion Quality

Higher Abrasives Content

Unfamiliar Low Sulfur Cutter Stocks

Greater Variability in Physical Properties

Need for Lower TBN Cylinder
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 14
Back-up Slides
Section I
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 15
Marine Exhaust Emissions
Air
8.5 Kg
Fuel Derived
Emissions,
g/Kw hr
CO2
H2O
SOX
NOX
Particulates
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fuel
175 g/Kw hr
Engine
(~ 7 MJ/Kw hr)
8675 g/Kw hr input
MEMO:
Fuel Composition
%C
86.5
%H
10.4
%S
2.7
%N
0.4
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
555
163
9.5
2.2
N/A
6715
1230
8675 g/Kw hr output
Ratio’s
H/C
1.44
C/S
89
C/N
202
Ratio’s
SO2/SO3
NO/NO2
Air/Fuel
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
95/5
10/90
49/1
Slide 16
How Does Marine Transport Fit
into Global Emissions?
Marine Residual Fuel Consumption
_

~ 3.5 M B/D*
Estimated @ 200 Million MeT/yr =

5.3% (4.2 vol. %) of Global Oil Consumption

1.9% of Global Energy

Global CO2 from marine Fuels
MT/yr
645

Global CO2 from Distillate and Fuel Consumption
MT/yr (3086 MT)
9845**
*based
**
on DNVPS average marine residual fuel density
BP World Energy Outlook
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 17
Global SOx (PM and Fuel N)
A Different Story

Global S from Marine Fuels
5.2 MT/yr

Global S from Light and Medium distillate
5.2 MT/yr

Global Fuel N from Marine
0.8 MT/yr

Global Fuel N from Light / Medium Distillates ≤0.05 MT/yr

Global Particulates not quantified
=
Assumes: Light Distillate 1500 ppm S
Medium Distillate 2500 ppm S
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 18
Table 6 - Container Ship Case Study
Total (Mbtu/trip or kg/trip) a
Variable
CD
R0
LSD
Total energy
182,905
167,359
209,702
Fossil fuel
182,442
167,063
209,125
Petroleum
167,890
159,297
190,375
14,135
14,055
16,511
384,058
384,619
430,446
PM10
2,982
11,799
3,407
SOx
5,683
189,909
3,981
CO2 (tons)
NOx
SOURCE: Energy Use and Emissions from Marine Vessels: A Total Fuel Life
Cycle Approach, J. J. Winebrake, J.J. Corbett and P.E. Meyer, Journal of the
Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, January 2007.
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 19
Typical Fuel Products Flow Plan
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 20
2 Year
Average
216
181
98
148
Source: “BP World Energy Outlook”
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 21
Air Emissions Regulations Scorecard
In Place

IMO Annex VI
- 4.5% S Global Cap on ISO RM grade fuels
- 1.5% S (6g SOx Kw hr) cap in SECA area
- Engine NOx limits (17g/Kw hr for ≤ 130 rpm

EU 1999/32 and 2005/33
- 1.5% S SECA Cap

CARB
- 0.5% S cap on MDO/ISO DMA requirement in 24 nm zone for
auxiliary/diesel electric engines

Various Local Area S caps
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 22
Air Emissions Regulations Scorecard
In the offing

IMO
- BLG Working Group report
- Submission of revised Annex VI to MEPC

EU
- stated plan for further reduction on % S (0.5%/2g
SOx/Kw hr)

EPA
- stated plan to apply for ECA designation
- Cooperating with Canada and Mexico

CARB/CA

Other jurisdictions eyeing SECA designation

Intertanko proposal to require distillate fuel

Broad action likely on PM
Intertanko March 26th, 2007
“no net increase in emissions” policy
Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Slide 23