Phylum Zygomycetes
Example is bread mold. Only 665 species
Zygomycetes are partners in most ancient type of mycorrhizae.
Phylum Ascomycetes, spores in sacs, 30,000 species.
Nectria perithecia A species in this genus causes Beech Bark Disease
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Ascomycota/
Black knot of cherry is caused by an Ascomycete fungus.
Morels are ascomycete fungi
Basidiomycetes carry spores on clubs; 16,000 species
Agaricus sylvicola
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Basidiomycota/Hymenomycetes/Agaricales/
Amanita muscaria
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Basidiomycota/Hymenomycetes/Agaricales/
Pleurotus dryinus
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Basidiomycota/Hymenomycetes/Agaricales/
Go to Tom Volk’s website for pictures of:
Ganoderma (shelf fungus)
Fomes fomentarius (carried by the ice man)
Cladonia cristatella (lichen forming fungus)
Tuber gibbosum (important mycorrhizal fungus)
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/
Douglas fir and White pine seedlings with & without mycorrhizae
Review of Mycorrhizal Types
Type
Morphology
Fungus
Plants
Major
Benefits
Endo-
VesiclesArbuscles
In cell walls
Zygos
80% of all
Inorganic P
Ecto-
Btw cells.
Mantle/sheath
Basidios
Ascos
High-lat
woodies
Organic N, P
H2O
Ericoid
Proliferate inside of cell
walls; membrane
envelopes hyphae.
Ascos
Some
Ericaceae
Organic N, P
Endomycorrhizae-- ancient, widespread, and non-specific
A stained arbuscule of Glomus mosseae in a leek root cell
(a superb photomicrograph by Mark Brundrett see Fig 17 in Brundrett et al. 1984 Can. J. Bot. 62: 2128)
A leek root packed with vesicles
of its endomycorrhizal fungal partner.
Colonization of a root by an endomycorrhizal fungus.
Note hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles.
(see Fig 21 in Brundrett et al. 1985 Can. J. Bot 63: 184)
These structures in the "roots:" of early land plants fossilized in the Rhynie Chert
(350 MYBP) are regarded as vesicles of an early endomycorrhizal fungus.
http://www.mycolog.com/chapter17.htm
Ectomycorrhizas of Laccaria bicolor
with Populus tremuloides.
http://www.mycolog.com/chapter17.htm
Ectomycorrhizae
Section of outer layers of an ectomycorrhizal root of Pinus strobus,
showing some of the mantle and the Hartig net the latter formed by hyphae of the mycobiont, Pisolithus tinctorius,
penetrating between the cortical cells of the root.
Transverse section of an ectomycorrhiza of Pseudotsuga menziesii
with Rhizopogon colossus showing the fungal mantle (brown in this example).
Ericoid mycorrhizae help ericaceous plants survive
on sites with slow decomposition (bogs, arctic, sand, etc.)
Ericoid mycorrhiza of salal, Gaultheria shallon.
Dark blobs are masses of fungal hyphae in cortical cells of root.
Hyphae up to 80% of mass of root, but do not penetrate cell
membrane.