Web Publishing I
Introduction to HTML and the Web
Publishing Process
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Who Am I & Who Are You?
Me: Diane Cunningham
You: Paired Interviews
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Key Course URL
UCSD Web Pub Student Resources
http://www.technoweenies.com/webpub/
Information on required textbooks
Information on available student resources (mailing list,
vault of links, software, etc.)
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Terminology
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Terminology
Internet
Intranet
Extranet
World Wide Web
Browsers
Client Server
URLs
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HTML
DHTML
XML
XHTML
ASP
JavaScript
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Internet: Publicly Accessible Web
Servers
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Intranet
Intranet: non-publicly accessible web servers
A network that is internal to an organization
Provides organization's users with same types of services
available in the Internet
Intranet resources are available internally and are not
located on the Internet
Usually if you have an intranet you have access the the
Internet but a firewall is used to prevent access from the
Internet to the intranet
A firewall is a security mechanism used to protect files and programs
on the intranet from unwanted access
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Internet vs. Intranet
Internet
Intranet
TCP/IP
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Extranet
You sometimes see the term extranet used in
relation to the Internet and various Internet
technologies
An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows
certain users outside of the intranet to have limited
access to the intranet
Often used to allow vendors or suppliers access to
information on an organization's intranet
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World Wide Web
Global
Interactive
Dynamic
Cross Platform
Distributed
Graphical/Multimedia
Hypertext/Hyperlink Information System
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Browsers
You need a special program (called a Browser) so you
can view information stored on the World Wide Web.
On a personal computer you typically use
Netscape Navigator 3.x, 4.x, 6.x
Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x, 4.x, 5.x, 6.x
The Browser interprets information, that is, it displays it
on the screen and lets you move between linked items
(hyperlinks)
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Client Server
World Wide Web
URL
URL
URL
URL
IP Address: http://209.130.124.111/
URL: http://www.technoweenies.com/
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URLs
An URL is a:
Uniform Resource Locator
that is, a pointer to a location on the internet, an
address:
http://www.ucsd.edu
http://geocities.com/gumby9/html/samples.html
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The Internet Universe
Chat & Conferencing
Newsgroups
E-Mail FTP
Mailing Lists
WWW
Telnet Sites
Gopherspace
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Types Of URLs (in Browsers)
telnet://name_of_site
Remote computing with telnet
gopher://name_of_gopher_server
Menu Driven System for Information Research
ftp://name_of_site/directory/filename
The File Transfer Protocol
news:rec.food.cooking
mailto:diane@technoweenies.com
http://www.godiva.com
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HTML
HyperText Markup Language
A subset of SGML
Standard Generalized Markup Language
Web pages are HTML Files
Created as a plain ASCII text file
Using Embedded codes
called tags
Tags
instructions for displaying text or linking to other Web documents
<h2>Hello world!</h2>
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HTML
HTML is a defined, standardized markup
language
That standard was developed by the World Wide
Web Consortium or W3C www.w3c.org
It is based upon SGML (Standard Generalized Markup
Language) which is something of the "mother of all"
markup languages
It is a language that uses tags to define the structure and
sometimes the style of your text
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HTML
As HTML grew it evolved
From version 1.0 to 2.0 to 3.0 to 3.2 and now to 4.0
It has developed and gotten more and more complicated and the style
and content tags have combined into one language
Eventually, the W3C decided that there was a need for
a separation between the style of a Web page and the
content
A tag that defines the content alone, such as <h1>, would
remain in HTML while tags that define style, such as <font>,
are deprecated in the latest version of HTML in favor of style
sheets called "cascading style sheets" (CSS) – more on this
in Web Pub II!
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DHTML
DHTML: Dynamic HTML
DHTML is a set of enhancements to HTML (CSS, JavaScript
and the Document Object Model) that was created to add
interactivity to web pages
DHTML enables Web pages to update dynamically in
response to user actions such as moving the mouse over text
or clicking text, without having to download data from a
server
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XML
The eXtensible Markup Language is the language that the new
version of HTML is based on
XML is also based on SGML but is less strict than SGML yet still providing
the extensibility to create various different languages as they relate to your
business or Personal need
XML is a language for writing markup languages
For example, if you are working on genealogy, you might create tags using
XML to define the <father>, <mother>, <daughter>, and <son> in your
documents
There are also several standardized languages already created with XML:
MathML for defining mathematics, SMIL for working with multimedia, and
XHTML
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XHTML
XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) is
really HTML reformatted to XML standards
There is NOT that much difference between the two (XHTML
and HTML) ... but here are a few notable differences
XHTML is written in lower case
All XHTML tags must have an end tag
All attributes must be quoted in XHTML
XHTML attributes must have a name and a value
XHTML requires that tags are nested correctly
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ASP
ASP: Active Server Pages
An .asp file is a text file that contains normal HTML tags and
text as well as script commands written in a scripting
language like VBScript, JavaScript, etc. that are executed on
the Web server
By including script commands, interactivity and customization can be
added to a Web page without having to be concerned with the
operating system used by the client accessing the Web page
When a .asp file is requested from the server the Web server carries
out any script commands it may contain and generates an .html file
that is sent to the client's browser
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JavaScript
JavaScript is an extension of
HTML that allows a
programmer to do things with
the Web page as it is
displayed to the user
JavaScript is an interpreted
programming (or script
language) from Netscape
It is somewhat similar in
capability to Microsoft's
Visual Basic
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Where HTML is the skeleton that
gives a document its appearance
and structure, JavaScript is the
brains and the muscles that give a
page life
The web page must be displayed in
a browser that understands the
JavaScript language
Netscape browsers versions 2.0
and above do, and MSIE versions
3.0 and above does
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What is a Home Page?
A Home Page can be defined in several ways:
To a Web User:
The Web page that loads when you start your Browser
(like the Netscape Home Page)
To a Web Developer:
The top level page; the first page presented when a user
selects a web site or web presence on the World Wide
Web
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Web Site Terminology
Web Site
Web Page
Home Page
Splash Page
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Web Site
Web Site: a related collection of Web files that includes a
beginning file called a home page
A company or an individual tells you how to get to their
Web site by giving you the address of their home page
From a home page, you can get to all the other pages of a
web site
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Web Site
For example, the Web site for IBM has the home page
address of http://www.ibm.com
The home page address actually includes a specific file name
like index.html but, as in IBM's case, when a standard default
name is set up, users don't have to enter the file name
IBM's home page address leads to thousands of pages.
So, a Web site can have thousands of pages or it can
be just a few pages
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Web Page
Web Page: a file notated with the Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML)
Usually, a web page contains text and specifications
about where image or other multimedia files are to
be placed when the page is displayed
You can think of a Web site as a book (albeit a hypertext
kind of book rather than a sequentially arranged kind of
book) that arrives a page at a time as you request each
one
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Web Page
Each web page is an individual HTML file with its own
Web address (URL)
The first page you usually request at a site is known as the
home page
Most home pages have a default name that doesn't have to be
specified; you only need to enter the domain name for the site itself
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Splash Page
Splash Page or Splash Screen:
An initial Web site page used to capture the user's
attention for a short time as a promotion or lead-in to
the site home page or
To tell the user what kind of browser and other
software they need to view the site
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Splash Page Examples
A good example of the meta push splash page is
provided by Coleman College:
http://www.coleman.edu/
A good example of a "Plain" Splash Page is:
http://www.nleomf.com/
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About Splash Pages
Some people LOVE Splash pages and others
HATE them!
Spend some time at home researching the pros and
cons of splash pages and decide if you want to
include one in your Web site!
http://www.thewebseye.com/doorway.htm
http://webdesign.about.com/library/weekly/aa031401a.htm
http://www.netmechanic.com/news/vol3/promo_no13.htm
http://webdesign.about.com/library/weekly/aa031401b.htm
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Web Pub I Final Project
You final project assignment is to create a 5-9
page website!
BUT how to begin??
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Blueprint Specification
Defining Your Web Site!
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Planning Your Web Presence
Planning is the single most important step in the HTML
Publishing process!
KEY: Mission Statement: What you want people who visit
your site to be able to do, think, say, feel or see?
You need to map out your top level Web categories
what do you want your various Web pages to do or show and who you
want to reach…
Decide:
What is the purpose of your web site??
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Consider Web Site Purposes
Marketing and promotional information
Commerce retail sales
Entertainment
Technical support
Information presence
(on-line brochure vs. white paper)
Research or education
Personal Home Page
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What Do You Want Your Web Presence
to Be?
Personal Information
Hobbies or Special
Interests
Personal Publications
Poems, letters, etc.
Shopping Catalogs
Opinion Gathering
Anything else you can
think of!
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Corporate Publications
Newsletters
Documentation
Company Profiles
Job Information
Sales Materials
etc.
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Set Your Web Page Goals
What do you want people to be able to accomplish
after viewing your web presentation?
Will you be giving them specific information on how to
do something?
Do you expect them to read through each page in
your presentation or start at your home page and
wander around until they get bored?
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Deciding What You Want on Your Web
Site
Come up with ideas for your Web Site by browsing the
Internet and looking at lots of Web pages!
When looking for ideas, make sure to look at Web pages that
are based on the same topics and aimed at a similar target
population as your site
We will do lots of targeted site browsing in our Web Pub
I, II and III course assignments, but get a heard start
now for this homework assignment!!!
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About Site Flowcharting
From
Designing Web Graphics.3
by Lynda Weinman
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Flow Charts
Initially, it’s a good idea to think of your Web site as one
great big organizational chart with the CEO being
your site’s home page
The next level of the organizational chart would then be
the menu options available on your home page
This idea is illustrated in next few slides scanned from
<designing Web graphics.3 by Lynda Weinman
Sketching a flowchart or ‘Web chart’ will help you to
classify the individual topics that your Web site will
contain
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Flowcharting
Once you’ve developed a basis for the structure,
your next task is to design a means of intuitive
navigation throughout the structure
If you’ve developed a logical structure, the
navigational paths will almost define themselves
We devote much of Web Pub III to the critical topic of
designing navigation
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WYSIWYG Tools Flowchart Options
Tools like Dreamweaver, GoLive and FrontPage
(and even HomeSite!) have site management
capabilities which include automated creation of
flowcharts and site maps
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FrontPage Navigation View
HomeSite View As Tree
HomeSite View As Chart
Further Flowcharting Resources
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Audience Analysis
For Your Blueprint
Determine:
Who is your Target Population?
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Audience Analysis – CRUCIAL!!!
Who is your intended
audience?
What do they want?
Where are they coming
from?
When are they viewing
your site?
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Why have they picked
YOUR site?
How are they accessing
your site?
What technologies do
they have?
© 2002 D & D Enterprises
Identify Information Sharing Needs
When you create your blueprint, you need to spend time
identifying your target audience and determining your
mission statement
When you determine the purpose of your web site, it helps
you determine what kind of web site you require – you have
identified your "information sharing needs"
Information sharing needs can be categorized as
internal or external
This helps you to determine if you should create an Internet
Web Site or an Intranet Web Site
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Surveying Your Information Sharing
Needs
Reports
Reports prepared by
department? Required
information? Access
to the reports?
Projects
Projects within the
department? Required
information? Who
needs information?
Customer Support
Required information? Reduce
requests by providing
information?
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Communication Tasks
Information provided regularly?
Information required regularly?
Forms
Forms used by organization?
Information requirements?
Combine
or eliminate forms? Move
paper-based forms online?
Databases
Identify type of information?
Type of access and
results required?
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Share with
Organization
Accounting
Data
Organizational
Charts
Sales
Projections
Share with
Customers
Product
Information
Ordering
and
Payment
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Project Status
Information
Product
Availability
Shipping
Status
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Identify Information Sharing Needs
Internal information sharing needs are
addressed by an intranet Web solution
External information sharing needs are
addressed by an Internet Web solution
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Audience Analysis – WHO?
External
Business to Consumer
Business to Business
Business to Customer
Internal
Employee to Employee
Department to
Department
Manager to Employee
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External Audience
Business to Consumer
http://www.mysimon.com/
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External Audience
Business to Business
Business Online Publishers International
http://www.bopi.com/
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External Audience
Business to Customer
http://www.amazon.com/
http://www.godiva.com/
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WHAT?
What do THEY want?
You have defined your mission statement, you know
what you want the site visitor to do, say, think, or feel
after they visit your Web Site
Now, flip it, what do do they want?
Do we have a match?
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Audience Specifications -- WHERE
Where are Viewers
Coming From?
Home
Work
School
Public Places
Airport terminals
Cybercafes
Geography
(local or international)
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Audience Specifications -- WHEN
When is your site being
viewed?
Weekdays
Weeknights
Weekends
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WHY?
Why have site visitor's picked YOUR Web Site?
Why not a competitor's?
What makes your site so good for your target
population?
The goal of a good Web Site is to attract and
retain members of the target population
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Audience Specifications
HOW?
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Audience Specifications
We have examined:
Who?
What?
Where?
When?
Why?
Now we must consider a most important and ever changing
aspect, HOW, that is, using what technologies??
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Audience Specifications – HOW?
What technologies do your viewers use?
What Browser?
PC, Macintosh, UNIX?
Netscape 3.x 4.x 6.x
Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x 4.x 5.x
AOL? (More on this in a sec)
Other like Opera?
http://www.opera.com/
Download the browser of your choice at
www.browsers.com
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Audience Specifications – HOW?
What technologies do your viewers use?
What Browser Extensions?
Plug-ins: Shockwave, Flash, Real Audio, Specialized?
With what programming Support:
Java, Active X, JavaScript
Cookies?
Cookie FAQ: http://www.cookiecentral.com/faq.htm
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Audience Specifications – HOW?
What technologies do your viewers have?
Speed
High speed always-on direct connect broadband or 28.8
dial-up?
Audio Visual Support
streaming audio, video, chat, IM?
People in offices generally do not have SoundBlasters or
speakers!
Monitor Issues
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Video card support and resolution varies wildly, and you
have to consider color depth and gamma.
16 colors, 256 colors, True color?
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HOW: What Screen Resolution?
http://www.zdnet.com/anchordesk/story/story_4491.html
(Feb 2000) [more on this later!]
11% 640 x 480
54% 800 x 600
How can you test for screen resolution?
This is really for Web Pub II, but here is a JavaScript for
automatically determining the site visitor's screen resolution
http://javascript.internet.com/user-details/resolutionpage.html
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HOW: AOL User?
In January 1999 CMP's TechWeb Reported that AOL had 15.1
million subscribers
According to Dr. Crompton, there are more AOL subscribers than Wall
Street Journal, New York Times and USA Today…combined
http://www.ultranet.com/~mejac/intro2/sld084.htm
By January 2001 AOL had 27 million subscribers
Source Ziff Davis News:
http://www.zdnet.com/zdnn/stories/news/0%2C4586%2C2675364%2C00.
html
Current Estimates place AOL subscription numbers at 37
million…
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HOW: AOL User?
So what? Well, for example, AOL uses their own added,
proprietary image file compressed using the JohsonGrace compression algorithm on top of your gif and
jpeg compression, so caveat emptor and do your
homework!
AOL Design Tips (meta list)
http://webdesign.about.com/compute/webdesign/msubaol.htm
http://webmaster.info.aol.com/
http://webdesign.about.com/cs/aol/
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HOW: WebTV User?
After more than 3 years on the market Web TV
just topped 1 million subscribers in January
2000
http://www.zdnet.com/intweek/stories/news/0,4164,2
522434,00.html
WebTV Design Tips (meta list)
http://webdesign.about.com/compute/webdesign/msubwe
btv.htm
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HOW: WebTV User?
See http://developer.webtv.net/
Screen resolution of only 544 x 372!!
Titles truncate to 35 characters or less
Frames are converted to tables in version 2
No frame support in version 1
Forms often choke if not coded perfectly
Red and (*gasp*) white!! appear VERY bright
Best on black or dark backgrounds
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HOW: Palm Pilot or Handheld PDA?
Probably exaggerated,
International Data
Corporation projections show
non-PC devices
outnumbering PCs as
Internet clients by the year
2005!
(source:
Internet World
July 15, 1999
Page 61)
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Final Project
Ok, so now you have the URLs and resources to
determine the who, what, where, when, why
and how of your blueprint and all the help you
need to design the 5-9 page website for your
final project!
On the next slide are a few URLs to help your
refine your blueprint!
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Blueprint Resources
How to establish a clear mission, determine a target
audience, create user personas, and clarify design
goals
http://builder.cnet.com/webbuilding/pages/Graphics/
Conceptualize/?tag=st.bl.3881.plbl
Pre-Design Steps
http://webdesign.about.com/compute/webdesign/library/weekl
y/aa071999.htm
Information Architecture Tutorial
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http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/design/tutorials/tutorial
1.html
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Blueprint Homework
Blueprint Assignment:
Create Sample Page
Layout Sketches
Main Page
Content Page
http://www.jshook.com/flexible
_pages/planning.html
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File Naming Guidelines
The Rules, The Guidelines and the
Suggestions
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How to Name Your Files
How you name your actual files is very
important!
You name:
HTML files, Graphic files, etc.
Files are read by all sorts of computers
You need to take file names down to the least
common denominator
Make sure there is nothing “funny” some computers
cannot understand
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index.html
Most Web servers recognize the index.html as the
default home page
If you type http://www.technoweenies.com what you
really see is http://www.technoweenies./index.html even
though you didn't type it that way
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index.html
The Web server knows to open the index.html file
automatically without requiring the full URL to be typed
in
Therefore, if you name the opening page of your
Web Site with the file name index.html the Web
server will know to automatically display this file first
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index.html
Take this "auto open" concept one step further:
You can have an opening page to each section of
your Web Site, not just to your home page
There are two advantage to this
Visitors to your site will not have to remember really long
URLs and typing index.html again and again
Site visitors won't end up looking at a generic site index
like http://www.technoweenies.com/atp
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index.html
So, index.html is significant and most
professional Web developers use it as the root
file name
NOTE: On some servers a different name is used
such as default.htm or index.asp
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index.html
Remember, you are not limited to one index.html file on
your site
You can have an index.html file inside each folder that
represents a major topic or category
http://www.technoweenies.com/webpub/
http://www.technoweenies.com/webpub/html1/
http://www.technoweenies.com/html/
http://www.technoweenies.com/palm/
http://www.technoweenies.com/nav/
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Six Filename Guidelines
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Use all lowercase letters
Use only letters or numbers,
no special characters (4 exceptions)
No spaces
All web pages must end in
.htm or .html
Include extensions on graphics files like .jpg or
.gif
Keep filenames short
© 2002 D & D Enterprises
How to Name Files
It's good practice to use short, easy-to-remember file
names that describe the file
A file called "page4.html" is not terribly descriptive, and a file
named bobs_page_about_chicken_feet.html" is just too long
Name the file concisely
For example, Bob could use chickenfeet.html as his file name
You'll want to keep file names short, because the longer they
are, the more difficult it becomes to link to them correctly or
type them into a browser
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How to Name Files
You'll also want to avoid mixing case in your file
names for the same reason
A file called ChIcKenFeeT.hTml will frustrate people
trying to link to it or even type it into a browser
If you keep your file names lowercase, you'll avoid all
sorts of potential problems
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Filename Guidelines
SUGGESTION:Use all lowercase letters
Technically, you can use capital letters
BUT!
It is easier to keep things straight and if names are all lowercase
It is easier to keep things organized if names are all lowercase
It looks cleaner if names are all lowercase
Open:
http://www.internetsd.com/courses/html1/casesensitive.html
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Filename Guidelines
Use Only Letters or Numbers
No Special Characters (4 Exceptions)
Letters and Numbers
no apostrophes ( ‘ )
no colons ( : ) or semi colons ( ; )
More on next slide
Exceptions
UNIX: You can use a tilde ( ~ )
ALL: You can use an underscore ( _ )
ALL: You can use a hyphen ( - )
ALL: You can use a period ( . )
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Filename Guidelines
No Special Characters
Don't begin a filename with a dot (.)
Don't use any of the following characters
;?{}<:|*\># )[]'$ "!%/
http://www.challenge.nm.org/Help/bfile98/tsld010.htm
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Filename Guidelines
SUGGESTION: Use No Spaces
It is best not to use a space in any file name
Spaces in filenames
Could cause a 404 Not Found
Could Need to be rendered as %20 (most
common)
Example:
http://www.technoweenies.com/atp/head%20labelled.jpg
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Filename Guidelines
All of the web pages for this class must end in
.htm or .html
.htm is most common on older DOS and Win 3.1 PCs and
older Macs
.html is most common on new Macs and Win 95/98/NT and
UNIX machines
Note: Whether named .htm or .html pages are considered “HTML
Files”
On the web you will see .asp .php .cfm .jsp etc. but for now, just think
.htm or .html
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Filename Guidelines
Include Extensions on Graphics Files
Make sure to name your graphics appropriately so
both you and the computer know what they are
(don’t worry if you don’t know what these files
formats refer to yet - -that is part of next lecture's
topic!)
If it is a gif name it .gif
If it is a jpeg name it .jpg or .jpeg
If it is a png name it .png
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Filename Guidelines
Keep Filenames Short
Names should be kept short for several reasons, not
the least of which is reduced typos of people who
have to type in the address!
Example:
http://www1.scasd.k12.pa.us/scasd/pfe/5th/D-2/Simile-Metaphor/SimMet_HomePage.html
How many rules does THIS name violate?
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Pop File Name Quiz!!!
How well do you "get it"?
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Next...
HTML Basics
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