BIOLOGY MIDTERM
REVIEW
FRANCESCANGELI 2014
BIOLOGY REVIEW
1. These organic compounds are the main
fuel supply for cellular work?
Glucose (sugar)
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2. What effect do enzymes have on
chemical reactions?
They lower the activation energy of the
reactions.
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3. These substances accelerate the rate of
chemical reactions:
Catalysts
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4. What are the key characteristics of
enzymes?
They are proteins; affected by temperature
changes; work best at a specific pH.
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5. What is calculated to determine the
total magnification of a microscope?
Eye piece power X objective lenses
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6. How do eukaryotes and prokaryotes
differ from one another?
Eukaryotes: nucleus, large/complex
cells – protists, fungi, animals, plants.
Prokaryotes: no nucleus, small/simple
cells – archaea and bacteria.
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7. Describe what will happen to the
molecules of a solution when the
concentration on each side is the same:
Continue to move across the
membrane in both directions
(*maintain equilibrium)
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8. What effect will osmosis have on an
animal cell that is surrounded by fresh
water? Salt water?
Fresh water: cell will burst; water moves in.
Salt water: cell will shrivel; water moves out.
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9. How do plant cells differ from animal
cells?
Plants contain: cell wall, chloroplast,
large central vacuole.
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10. What organelles in the body
produce proteins?
Ribosomes
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11. What are some of the functions of
the mitochondria in cells?
Produce energy (ATP) for the working
cells/tissues in the body.
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12. List the main principles of The Cell
Theory:
-Cells are the basic units of life.
-All living things are made up of cells.
-All cells come from existing cells.
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13. What does it mean when a
membrane is ‘selectively permeable’?
Certain molecules can pass, others
cannot.
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14. What is the function of the cell
membrane?
To regulate which materials enter/exit
the cell.
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15. Which structures are found in plant
cells, but not in animal cells?
Chloroplast and cell wall.
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16. What is the function of the cell wall?
Protection and support its shape.
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17. What is happening during diffusion?
Net movement of molecules from an
area of [high] to [low].
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18. What is osmosis?
Passive transport of water across a
selectively permeable membrane.
Water will move from where there is a
[low] of solute to the [high] solute.
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19. Describe active transport:
Transport of particles requiring energy.
Moves across concentration gradient
(from low to high).
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20. Describe the
structural make-up of
the cell membrane
(head/tail):
Hydrophobic tails
and hydrophilic
heads.
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21. The main purpose of cellular
respiration is to:
Produce ATP.
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22. How is energy released from an ATP
molecule?
When a phosphate group is removed from ATP.
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23. The correct sequence of cellular
respiration is:
Glycolysis – Krebs – Electron Transport Chain
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24. Describe how the
reactants/products are related between
cellular respiration and photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide;
Cellular respiration produces it.
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25. What does ‘aerobic’ and
‘anaerobic’ mean?
Aerobic – requires oxygen.
Anaerobic – does not require oxygen.
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26. In the presence of oxygen,
glycolysis is followed by ____ during
cellular respiration:
Krebs cycle
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27. The overall products of
photosynthesis:
Oxygen and Glucose (sugar)
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28. What are the overall products of
photosynthesis?
Oxygen + Glucose (sugar)
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29. Why do most plants appear green?
Green light is reflected.
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30. What effect does carbon dioxide
have on a plant’s production of sugar?
Decrease in carbon dioxide production
= decrease in sugar output.
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31. Following interphase, what are signs that
mitosis has begun?
-Nuclear envelope begins to disappear.
-Chromatin condenses (becomes visible).
-Spindle fibers form.
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32. How does meiosis differ from
mitosis?
Mitosis – produces 2 genetically
identical diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis – produces 4 genetically
different haploid daughter cells.
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33. Diagram the different stages of
mitosis:
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34. The exchanging of genetic
information between homologous
chromosomes is known as?
Crossing over
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35. Which type of cell goes through
mitosis? Meiosis?
Mitosis – somatic cells.
Meiosis – gametes (sex cells).
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36. What is a hypothesis?
An educated guess that can be TESTED.
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37. Why is it important to include a
control group while conducting an
experiment?
To record/determine if any changes
have taken place.
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38. What is the difference between a
dependent variable and independent
variable?
Independent variable – X-axis; being
tested.
Dependent variable – Y-axis; values
change.
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39. Be able to diagram an X/Y chart
with the appropriate and labels.
The effect coffee has on heart rate.
Cups of coffee vs. heart rate.
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40. What is the difference between
hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic
solutions – illustrations may be useful.
Hypertonic – solution with a [higher] of
solute; cell shrinks.
Hypotonic – solution with a [lower] of
solute; cell swells.
Isotonic – solution with [equal] of solute; no
net movement.
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HYPOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
ISOTONIC
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41. What role do vesicles have on cells?
Sacs that help move particles
in/out/around the cell.
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42. What role do vacuoles have on
cells?
Storage of undigested nutrients.
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43. Describe the difference between
endocytosis and exocytosis:
Exocytosis – exporting materials OUT of a
cell.
Endocytosis – takes materials INTO cell.