2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
Energy
Temperature
Matter
Elements and Compounds
Mixtures
Name 3 basic forms of nrg
State the law of conservation of nrg
 Heat
water for cooking, bathing, etc.
 Provide nourishment for our bodies
 Travel long distances in comfort
 The

capacity to do work or to produce heat
Work is the ability to move an object over a
distance against a resisting force



A locomotive moves a train against the resisting force
of the air and friction of the wheels
Sunlight striking solar panels to power a motor against
the resistance of the attached appliance
A chocolate bar gives you nrg to climb a steep hill
against the resisting force of gravity

nrg can be grouped under 3
headings



Radiant nrg: light nrg
 sunlight
Kinetic nrg: nrg of motion
 Locomotive down the tracks
 Mechanical nrg – moving parts
of a machine
 Thermal nrg – random internal
motion of particles w/in
matter
Potential nrg: stored nrg because
of position/ arrangement of
particles

Stored rain water wheel
 calorie
(cal): measures the amount of heat
needed to raise the temp of 1g of water 1˚C

1 cal = 1g x 1˚C

How many calories of heat would be needed to raise
5g of water 1˚C ?
 5g x 1˚C = 5 cal
 Calorie
food

1 Cal = 1000 cal or 1 kilocalories

Chocolate bar w/ 200 Cal = 200 kcal = 200 000 cal
 Joule


(Cal): measures the nrg stored in
(J): SI unit of nrg
Lifting 1 apple the length of 1 meter = 1 joule
1 cal = 4.184 J
A
student uses 30. J of nrg putting books on a
shelf in the classroom. Convert this amount
of nrg from joules to calories.
30. J
1 cal
4.184 J
= 7.2 cal
 In
any process, nrg can not be created or
destroyed

Process: any situation where nrg is converted
 Examples:


Hitting a baseball transfers kinetic nrg of the bat
to the ball
Striking a match transforms chemical nrg into
heat and light
 If
nrg is never created or destroyed, how can
we be running out of nrg?

The nrg gets turned in to another form of nrg
renewable
8%
petrolium
38%
nuclear
8%
coal
22%
natural gas
24%
 Page
60 (1-5)
Compare the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales
Explain what is meant by absolute zero
 There
are nerves on our skin that are
sensitive to temp
 Some people are more sensitive than others

A room that feels comfy to 1 person, may feel
cold to another
 Must

use a more precise method
Thermometer – accurate and precise
 Galileo
Galilei (1564-1642) doctor who
invented the 1st thermometer to measure the
fevers in his patients.
Stem
Filled w/ colored alcohol
As thermometer is heated, the liquid
expands and rises
As thermometer is cooled, the liquid
contracts and falls
Bulb
Example
Temperature
(˚C)
Temperature
(˚F)
-62
-80
Melting ice
0
32
Room temp
21
70
37.0
98.6
57
134
Boiling water
100.
212
Oven temp for baking
163
325
6 000
10 000
Lowest temp in US
(Prospect Creek, AK)
“Normal” body temp
Highest temp in US
(Death Valley, CA)
Surface of sun
 Unit
= kelvin (K)
 No degree symbol (˚) is used
 A temperature change of 1 kelvin is the same
as a change of 1 Celsius degree
 Kelvin has absolute zero



The point at which all motion of particles ceases
All kinetic nrg stops
Absolute zero = -273.15˚C
 ˚C
= K – 273
 K = ˚C + 273
 Temps
close to absolute zero are incredibly
cold, at 50. K air will freeze into a solid!
Convert 50. K to the Celsius scale.
 ˚C
= K – 273
˚C = 50. – 273
˚C = -223 ˚C
 Normal

body temp is 310 K. Convert to ˚C
37˚C
 Antifreeze,
or ethylene glycol, boils at
197˚C. Convert this to kelvin.

470 K
 Read
w/ your partner the Connection on
page 64

Answer this questions when you are done reading

Why would it be good for scientists to reach Absolute
Zero?
Name and describe the 4 states of matter
Compare physical and chemical properties of matter
State the law of conservation of mass
 Matter
is anything
that has mass and
volume

Anything that takes
up space
4

states:
Solid


Liquid


Does not hold shape but does have definite volume
 Molecules are disordered
Gas



Holds a particular shape, has definite volume
 Molecules are rigid and structured
No definite shape or volume
It expands to fill the shape of the container
 Molecules in constant motion
Plasma

Inside stars
Short explanation of the matter and the 4 states of
matter
 When
you were at lunch today, how did you
find your friends to eat with?
 What did you do to find them?
 Characteristics
of a substance you can
observe w/o changing it
 Examples:





Density
Color
Mass
Texture
Most anything you find through using your senses
 Characteristics
of a substance that cannot be
observed w/o changing it
 Examples:


Flammability – tendency to burn in air
If it is a property that will change the substance
to be something else and is unreturnable, it is a
chemical property
 Physical


changes
Do not alter the identity of the substance
If I tear a piece of paper into 2, 3, or even 20
pieces, it is still paper
 Chemical


changes/Chemical reactions
Do alter the identity of the substance
If I set those pieces of paper on fire, they would
no longer be paper
A
property is describing what could happen
 A change is describing what is or what
already happened
 Which is the property, which the change?


Leaves change colors in the Fall
When I looked out my window this morning, I
noticed the leaves are starting to change color.
Identify whether the underlined phrases are
chemical or physical change or neither
Dear Aunt Linda,
Prom night was great fun! Tony, my date,
looked very handsome in his rented tux – it
was a shame the dog tore that little hole in
his trousers. First we went to dinner at Chez
Chemie. I was a little surprised that we had
to light the candle on our own table and put
ice water in the glasses, but the restaurant
was vey busy and we didn’t mind. (The ice
melted right away, too, and we had to add
more.)
We both ordered shrimp Creole. While
we waited, we cut slices from a loaf of warm
French bread – yum! My shrimp Creole was
delicious. But poor Tony! The waiter was
hurrying so much he spilled the whole plate on
him. Tony was sweet about it, though. We got
him cleaned up pretty well. He ordered a
hamburger after that. He also ordered a
baked potato, but he had to send it back to be
cooked some more because it was still hard. It
came back looking rather block, but Tony said
it tasted fine.
Thank goodness it was a warm evening. We had to drive
with the windows rolled down because Tony was starting to smell
like a fish market.
At the prom, we actually danced in the moonlight! (We
couldn’t dance indoors on account of you know who.) We had a
wonderful time. It really wasn’t anyone’s fault that Tony caught
the edge of his sleeve on fire reaching over the snack table – I
think too many little candles were burning on it. Mrs. Donaldson
was mad that Tony dunked his arm in the punch bowl to put the
fire out, but honestly what else could he do? He tipped over a vase
of flowers to get to the punch bowl in time, and it shattered into a
thousand pieces. Everyone stopped and stared, but no one got hurt.
On the way home, we happened to pass the tuxedo rental
store, and I saw a “Help Wanted” sign. That was lucky, said Tony – he
was going to need a job to pay for what happened to his suit!
Love, Janice
P.S. Tony loves his new job, and just been promotes to assistant
manager!
 Matter


can never be created or destroyed
Means the molecule that were here at the
beginning of time are still here
Law of conservation of matter in effect for the
universe
Uncovered the law of
conservation of matter
 Known for his accurate and
precise measurements
 The balance was his most
treasured tool
 Worked with his wife
 Killed at the guillotine after
the French Revolution b/c
he was a part of a group
who collected taxes for the
gov’t

Explain the difference b/w an element and
compound



A substance that cannot be
separated into simpler
substances by a chemical
change
A little over 100 elements
known today
Named after the scientist,
country, state, or even
planets


einsteinium, americium,
californium, plutonium
Use element symbols to
abbreviate names

1st letter always capital while
2nd, if there is one, will be
lowercase


Al for aluminum, H for hydrogen,
He for helium
Use the periodic table to
organize the elements
 2+ elements

combine in a chemical reaction
In fixed proportions
 When
magnesium is burned in air, it reacts
with the oxygen in the air to produce
magnesium oxide
+ air 
Compare heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures
Describe several techniques to separate mixtures
A
combination of 2 or more pure substances
in which each pure substance keeps its
individual chemical properties


This means you can separate them after you mix
them
It’s not a permanent change
 Most
substances want to mix, it is hard to
find and keep a substance pure
 Sand

How could we separate these?
 Table

+ Water
salt + Water
How could we separate these?
 Compounds

Same composition

2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen always make water
 Mixtures

Varied composition

Collection of elements and compounds

Can be elements or compounds

How do you decide which?




Electrolysis – an electric current
is passed through a sample
 If the sample is an element,
nothing will happen
 If the sample is a compound, it
will separate into the
elements that make it up.
Same composition
Always has the same physical
and chemical properties
Mixtures can be separated into
pure substances
 Mixture
that is the
same throughout
 Also called a solution
 Examples




Sport drinks
Salt water
Air you breath
Brass (copper + zinc)
 Mixture
that has
different properties in
different regions
 Examples




Sand and water
Cereal
Pizza
Chocolate Chip Cookies
 Distillation
 Filtration
 Chromatography
 Used
to separate 2 liquids
 Based on boiling points of each liquid
 Used
to separate a solid from a liquid
 Used
to separate the colors out of dyes
 Multiple

# 1-7
 True

or False
#8-17
 Concept

Choice
Mastery
#18, 19, 21(a –b),
22(a-b)
 Critical
Thinking
and Problem
Solving

#26-29