WWI “The Great War”
or
“The War to End all
Wars”
New Weapons
WWI- Major Players
Major Players
• President Wilson
• Kaiser Wilhelm
• David Lloyd George
• Georges Clemenceau
WWI- Causes
There were four causes of WWI
1. Nationalism- devotion to interests and
cultures of one’s own nation
–Competition
–Ethnic groups
• Many wanted to be independent
• Many wanted to be protected
–Ex. Russia and Serbia
WWI- Causes
2. Imperialism
–Contest for colonies
• Ex Germany vs. France and Britain
WWI- Causes
3. Militarism- devotion of armed forces
and use of them as diplomacy tool
–Germany had the strongest army by
1890 then wanted the strongest navy
• Britain didn’t like this
WWI- Causes
4. Alliance System
– There were 2 major alliance systems
• Triple Entente- (Allies)
–France, Britain, Russia
• Triple Alliance
–Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
–Central Powers Ottoman Empire,
Germany and Austria- Hungary
WWI- Causes
These gave a feeling of security to the world
because no one wanted to upset the balance
of power.
WWI- The Beginning
The Balkan Peninsula was the “Powder Keg” of
Europe
• Everyone wanted it for different reasons
WWI- The Beginning
In June of 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir
to Austrian throne went to Bosnian capital of
Sarajevo
• He and his wife were assassinated
• This lead to an international disaster
• It was June 28 in 1914
• Archduke Francis
Ferdinand drove in a
motorcade through
Sarajevo
• His wife, Sophie, sat
beside him
• They were both
assassinated by a
nineteen-year-old
Serbian nationalist,
Gavrilo Princep
The Moment That
Sparked the War
the Archduke Francis
Ferdinand and his wife
Sarajevo
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to avenge the seizure of
Bosnia by Austria
WWI- War Begins
• On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia
• On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war
against Russia
• August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on
France
• Britain declared war against Germany after it
invaded Belgium
WWI- War Begins
These were all due to the
alliance system
The Triple Entente represented an alliance between France, Russia
and Great Britain.
Russian Flag
French Flag
British Flag
ALLIANCES
The Triple Alliance was an agreement between Austria-Hungary,
Germany, and Italy to help and to defend each other.
German Flag
Austro-Hungarian Flag
Italian Flag
LEADERS
TRIPLE
Czar Nicholas II
Russia
Entente
President Raymond Poincare
France
TRIPLE
Franz Josef Emperor
of Austria, King of Hungary
King George V
Great Britain
ALLIANCE
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Germany
Victor Emmanuel III
Italy
Maps and
Charts 1
M.A.N.I.A.
• Militarism
• Alliance
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Assassination
..\WW1 history.flv
WWI- War Begins
The Schlieffen Plan- Germany’s war plan
• They would hold action against Russia
• They would go through Belgium to Paris
• Then the two armies would meet and take
on Russia
WWI- War Begins
• The Allies had to retreat to the Marne River
in France
• They stopped the German advance in
September of 1914 and dug in
• By the Spring of 1915 there were trenches
that crossed France from Belgium coast to
Swiss Alps
WWI- Life in the Trenches
There were 3 types of trenches
1. Front line
2. Support
3. Reserve
WWI- Life in the Trenches
There was something also known as “No
Man’s Land”
• This was a barren expanse of land
covered in mud, shell craters, and
barbed wire
British
Trenches
No Man’s
Land
German
Trenches
WWI- Life in the Trenches
Trench Warfare is the fighting for mere
yards of groundIt would last for over 3 years
WWI- Life in the Trenches
Men lived night and day in these areas
WWI- Life in the Trenches
• The trenches were filled with all manner of
things
– They were covered in filth with decaying
bodies around them
– There was blood and human feces and urine
– There were lice and rats everywhere
– The water was polluted
– There was poison gas all around
WWI- Life in the Trenches
–Dysentery was common
–Trench foot- were the foot would begin to
rot and it had to be amputated
–Trench mouth
Mushy Trenches = Trench Foot
Trench Mouth
• ..\WORLD WAR ONE TRENCH WARFARE.flv
WWI- Life in the Trenches
• “Shell Shock” was common during this
time
–This is a complete emotional collapse
of the soldiers
WWI- Battles Begin
•
•
•
•
•
•
The First Battle of Somme started on July 1, 1916
It was over 7 miles of land
It lasted through mid-November
60,000 British were killed on the first day
1.2 million men were killed total
..\War Horse - Blue Bonnets.flv
WWI- Battles Begin
The British blockaded German waters
• This included food and fertilizer
• Also included neutral ports
WWI- Battles Begin
Results of blockade
–The US didn’t challenge the blockade
–Germany didn’t have enough food750,000 people starved
–Germany puts in U-Boats
America Questions What to Do
There were two main opposition groups for the
United States to enter the war
• The socialists
– Believed that the war was a capitalist and
imperialist struggle to control the markets and
colonies in China
• The Pacifists
– Believed that war is evil and the US should set the
tone for the rest of the world with peace
• William Jennings Bryon
• Others didn’t want their sons to fight or
experience war
The U.S. however had major ties with the Allies
• Trade
• Ties to Britain
In 1917 however the US began to mobilize for
war against Germany
Why?
• To ensure Allied payment of debts
• To stop the German threat to shipping
The British blockaded German waters
• This included food and fertilizer
• Also included neutral ports
Results of blockade
–The US didn’t challenge the blockade
–Germany didn’t have enough food750,000 people starved
–Germany puts in U-Boats
German U-Boats
• Germany declares any ship found in water
around Brittan would be sunk
– Lusitania- British liner was sunk off the
coast of Ireland
• 1,198 dead, 128 were US citizens
• It changed public opinion on the war in
the US
• US threatened Germany to not sink any
more ships
Lusitania
Lusitania
Lusitania
Lusitania
Lusitania- German Postcard
Lusitania
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2q4xcPR_
pN4
German U-Boats
• Germany sank two more ships
• Then agreed to not sink any more passenger
ships if the US persuaded Britain to lift the
blockade on food and fertilizers
WWI- The US Declared War
• Jan 31, 1917 Kaiser Wilhelm said that Uboats would sink all boats on sight
• Wilson still waited to declare war for
“overt acts”
WWI- The US Declared War
Overt Acts that led to the U.S. entering the war
1. Zimmerman Notes
– Were a proposed alliance between Germany
and Mexico
• Mexico would get Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona
2. Sinking of 4 unarmed merchant ships
3. Russian monarchy was replaced
• Now it was a war of democracies vs
monarchies
WWI- U.S. Entered the War
War Declared
• On April 2, 1917 Wilson made his War
Resolution
–To pave the way for future order of
peace and freedom
–To make democracy safe
WWI- U.S. Entered the War
US turned the tide of the war
• Convoy system- guard of destroyers escort
merchant ships
• Laid mine barrier in North Sea
• The freshness and enthusiasm of US soldiers
bolstered Allied troops
Convoy System
• Convoy System
WWI- U.S. Entered the War
• The freshness and enthusiasm of US soldiers
bolstered Allied troops
Fighting
– AEF- American expeditionary Force
• Lead by General Pershing
Fighting
–Alvin York- mountaineer and
blacksmith from Tennessee
»On Oct. 8, 1918 with a rifle and
revolver he and 6 “doughboys”
took 132 prisoners and killed 25
Germans
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boDRQxv
XaKU
Alvin York
• Doughboy which has become so closely
associated with the soldiers of the American
Expeditionary Force in WWI. Our minds must
be cast back to 1916 and the punitive
expedition across the Mexican border to catch
the infamous Pancho Villa. Coined as a term of
derision toward infantrymen, as they became
covered in the fine adobe dust thrown up by
cavalry hooves and motor transport wheels,
the term soon evolved into quite the opposite
as it would mark the men as combat
veterans.who had gone overseas to do their
bit for Uncle Sam.
WWI- Russia Pulled Out
Russia pulled out of war in 1917
• Germany moved toward France
– U.S. stopped Germany’s advance
• September Americans made offensive moves
against Germans
WWI Ends
Collapse of Germany
• November 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary
surrendered
• German sailors mutiny
• Soldiers and workers in Germany make
revolutionary councils
WWI Ends
• November 9, 1918- socialist leaders in Berlin
establish a German republic and the Kaiser
abdicates
• There were no allied troops on German soilbut the soldiers were too tired to continue
WWI Ends
On the 11 day, the 11 hour, in the 11th month of
1918 Germany declared a cease-fire and signed
an armistice
on November 11, at 5 A.M.,
Paris time in Paris
Skills
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at 11:00 A.M. Paris time
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They rejoiced.
New “Toys”
New Ways of War
German U-Boats 1914
Machine Guns
-Could fire as many as
1000 rounds a minute by
end of war.
- Created extraordinary
casualty rates for massed
infantry attacks.
-Used primarily as
defensive weapons during
the war. (Too heavy for
offensive use)
Snipers
Snipers
High Explosives Artillery

Responsible for
most deaths and
damage in war.
155 mm Howitzer
Zeppelin
"Hate is a dish served best fast and hot“
Dog Fights
- ..\1917 World War One Dogfight..flv
..\Flyboys - Last
Dogfight Scene
(SPOILER!!!).flv
WWI- New Weapons
– Tanks
– Airplane• Red Baron- Manfried von Richthofen
• Eddie Rickenbacker- American Ace of
Aces
– Observation Balloons
– Women were allowed to join the army
corps of nurses
WWI- Effects
• Death Toll
– 22 million dead- more than half were civilians
– 20 million wounded
– 10 million refugees
• US
– 48,000 died in battle
– 62,000 from disease
– 200,000 were wounded
Countries
Total
Mobilized
Killed
& Died
Wounded
Prisoners
& Missing
Total
Casualties
Casualties %
of Mobilized
Allied
Powers
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
76.3
France
8,410,000
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
76.3
British Empire
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
35.8
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
2,197,000
39.1
United States
4,355,000
126,000
234,300
4,500
364,800
8.2
Japan
800,000
300
907
3
1,210
0.2
Romania
750,000
335,706
120,000
80,000
535,706
71.4
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
46.8
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
93,061
34.9
Greece
230,000
5,000
21,000
1,000
17,000
11.7
Portugal
100,000
7,222
13,751
12,318
33,291
33.3
50,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
20,000
40.0
42,188,810
5,152,115
12,831,004
4,121,090
22,104,209
52.3
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,558
64.9
AustriaHungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
7,020,000
90.0
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34.2
Bulgaria
1,200,000
87,500
152,390
27,029
266,919
22.2
Total
22,850,000
3,386,200
8,388,448
3,629,829
15,404,477
67.4
Grand Total
65,038,810
8,538,315
21,219,452
7,750,919
37,508,686
57.6
Montenegro
Total
Central
Powers
WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT
War on the Home front
• Government expanded
• Wilson was given control over the economy
– Power to fix prices
– Power to regulate and nationalize certain
industries
War on the Home front
• War Industries Board
– Mass production technology to increase efforts
– Standardize products ( less choices)
– Production went up 20%
– Retail prices doubled in 1 year
– Corporate profits went up
War on the Home front
• Railroad Administration- control RR
• Fuel Administration- ration gas and heating oil
– “gasless Sundays”
– Lightless nights
– Daylight savings
War on the Home front
• Food Administration
– Produce and conserve food
• Clean plate
• Victory gardens
• Children plant tomatoes and cucumbers in the parks
• The government uses propaganda to push forward
their policies
Volunteers
•
http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/homefront/ga
llery.html
• The Selective Service Act of 1917 was
implemented.
– It required all men over the age of 18 to sign up to
be drafted.
War on the Home front
• Anti-Immigrant Problems
– Conformity rule• Those of German descent had problems
• No music , book, or language from Germany
• Changed names of German things to liberty
• Espionage and Sedition Acts
– Fined and sentenced for interfering in the war
effort or saying anything disloyal abou
government and the war
War on the Home front
• Women took over men’s jobs
– Helped them win suffrage
• There was a flu epidemic which killed affected
¼ of US population
– Around the world 30 million died
• Women who worked factory jobs during this
time were known as “canaries”.
WWI- Wilson’s Peace
Wilson’s Peace
• Wilson wanted a just and lasting peace
• He came up with his 14 points
– The first 5 were to prevent another war from
happening
– The next 8 were about boundary changes- letting
boundaries be based on ethnic identities
– The 14th point was the creation of a League of
Nations- where countries could discuss their
problem instead of resorting to war
– ..\Fourteen Points (14 T-Shirt Challenge) @MrBettsClass.mp4
WWI- Effects
Problems with Peace
• France wanted to make sure there would be
no more invasions
• Britain wanted to payback the Germans
• Did not include the Central Powers or Russia
WWI- Effects
Treaty of Versailles
• There would be 9 new nations including
Poland
• France and Britain would get temporary
colonies
• Germany could not keep an army
• Germany had to pay reparations $33 billion
to the Allies
• Alsace-Lorraine went to France
WWI- Effects
Weaknesses of Treaty
• It humiliated Germany
– War-Guilt Clause- Germany had to admit to sole
responsibility of the war
– Germany had no way to repay debt
– Germany had no colonial possessions
– Russia lost more territory than Germany- it will
begin to retake territory in 1922
What does this cartoon say about
Germany’s feelings toward the Treaty of
Versailles?
WWI- Effects
Legacy of World War I- The Great War
• Destruction and life lost
• Political systems are instable
• Crops and fields are torn apart
• Military fascist control will occur in Italy,
Spain, and Germany
Aftermath
• ..\New Aerial Footage Of WW1 Discovered.flv
WWI- Effects
The End