The Renaissance Began in Florence, Italy Approximately 13301550 Renaissance “Renaissance” literally means, rebirth It was a rebirth of Classical art, architecture, literature, philosophy, etc. Classic = Ancient Roman, Ancient Greek Petrarch 1378: Italian poet, Petrarch, was the first to indicate that he clearly felt he was living in a new age. This new age upheld the values of Greece and Rome, the only values worthy of man Vasari 1538: Giorgio Vasari was the first to assign the term Renaissance to this time period. Wrote, Lives of the Artists Plague 1348: Black Death strikes Florence Bubonic Plague: swollen and inflamed lymph nodes in the armpits and groin Carried by the fleas on rats Plague Boccaccio lived through the plague: "The first signs of the plague were lumps in the groin or armpits. After this, livid black spots appeared on the arms and thighs and other parts of the body. Few recovered. Almost all died within three days, usually without any fever." “Ring around the Rosie, Pocket full of posies Ashes, ashes We all fall down” - Refers to the plague and its symptoms Plague Europeans trying to make up for the losses due to the plague General desire for happiness, achievement, fulfillment, and replenish population Passion for Knowledge 1450s: First Printing Press invented by Johannes Gutenberg Allowed the passionate search for knowledge to flourish Passion for Knowledge The study of Humanities was stressed Humanities = Grammar, rhetoric, visual arts, music, poetry, languages, history, religion, philosophy Learning that has to do with human culture Passion for Knowledge Greek language was reintroduced Renaissance thinkers fell in love with Greek philosophy all over again: Socrates, Aristotle, Plato Passion for Knowledge Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.) Deeply interested in the question, “How should one live?” and the condition of the soul Passion for Knowledge Plato (428-348 B.C.E.) Believed that true knowledge can never be achieved through the senses because some concepts cannot be perceived through senses; truth is found in the world of ideas Passion for Knowledge Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) Plato’s most famous pupil. Disagreed with Plato: believed that knowledge came from experience and experimentation Very interested in making potential a reality Passion for Knowledge Vesalius: revolutionized medical practices Relied upon experimentation (dissection) Replaced cauterization of wounds with ligature (Stitches) Adventure Spirit of adventure + desire for achievement= conquer lands Spain wished to retake lands lost to Muslims during Crusades Reconquista Achieved in 1492 Expelled 200,000 Jews from reunited territories Adventure 1492: Spirit of adventure and achievement led to the founding of the Americas Adventure Americas were discovered by accident Trying to find an allwater-route to India for trade Turkey had raised their taxes Adventure Christopher Columbus (14511506) Born in Italy, moved to Portugal, sailed for Spain King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella funded his expedition Adventure Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Amerigo Vespucci, Ferdinand Magellan, Cortes, Pizarro: All exploring/conquering for the 3-Gs: God, Glory, Gold Adventure 1519: Hernan Cortes conquers Aztec empire (Yucatan Peninsula) Adventure 1529: Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca empire (Peru, Chile) - Shown: Machu Picchu Crescent Moon & the Cross Crescent Moon: symbol of Islam Cross: symbol of Christianity Common reference to the Crusades Over 10 Crusades 1-4 Major 1st: 1095-1099 Last: 1420-1434 (Hussite Crusade) Crescent Moon & the Cross 1300s: Presence of Ottoman Turks in the Middle East threatened Venice, Genoa Crescent Moon & the Cross Byzantine Empire was sometimes called “The East Roman Empire” - inhabited by Greek-speaking Romans Capital: Constantinople (after Emperor Constantine the Great - C.E. 330) Crescent Moon & the Cross 1453: Constantinople conquered by Ottoman Turks Renamed Istanbul in 1930 Crescent Moon & the Cross Hagia Sofia (Church of Holy Wisdom): Started as Eastern Orthodox Church, became Mosque at the fall of Constantinople, now museum - Istanbul The Medici The Medici family was the most important family in Renaissance Florence Family of Bankers, mafialike (not overtly violent, but protective) Funded many famous Renaissance artists The Medici Most powerful bank in all of Europe Influential from 1200’s to 1600’s Many assassination attempts on family members The Medici Most famous murder plot was the “Pazzi Conspiracy” Pazzi family attacked Lorenzo & Giuliano in church on Easter Day, 1478 Giuliano was killed, Lorenzo escaped Notable Medici Members •Salvestro de' Medici (1331– 1388) dictator of Florence Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360–1429) restored the family fortune and made the Medici family the wealthiest in Europe Cosimo the Elder (1389– 1464) founder of the Medici political dynasty Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449–1492) leader of Florence during the Golden Age of the Renaissance Giovanni de' Medici (1475– 1523) also known as Pope Leo X Giulio de' Medici (1478– 1534) also known as Pope Clement VII Cosimo I the Great (1519– 1574) First Grand Duke of Tuscany who restored the Medici luster Catherine de' Medici (1519– 1589) Queen of France Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici (1535–1605) also known as Pope Leo XI Marie de' Medici (1573– 1642) Queen and Regent of France Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (1667–1743) the last of the Medici line Artists Brunelleschi Il Duomo (1418-1434) (the dome of Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore) Brunelleschi Brunelleschi Brunelleschi Looked to the Roman Pantheon for inspiration Ghiberti Brunelleschi lost to Ghiberti for commission to complete the doors of Florentine Bapistry Ghiberti’s Doors of Paradise Ghiberti Albrecht Durer (German) Self Portrait at 22 Albrecht Durer Self Portrait at 26 Albrecht Durer Self Portrait at 28 Albrecht Durer Praying Hands Albrecht Durer Young Hare (1502) Water color Albrecht Durer Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513) Engraving on copper Boticelli Primavera (1482) Boticelli Birth of Venus (1483) Donatello David (1433) Donatello Gattamelata (1445) Donatello Mary Magdalene (1455) Raphael School of Athens (1509-1511) Raphael Socrates Famous Greek philosopher Raphael Euclid Greek mathematician “Father of Geometry” Raphael Pythagoras Greek mathematician Pythagorean theorem “Father of Numbers” Raphael Ptolemy Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer Raphael Strabo? Galileo? Greek historian and geographer Renaissance astronomer Castiglione? Renaissance author Raphael Alexander the Great Raphael Diogenes of Sinope Famous philosophical beggar in Ancient Greece Raphael Heraclitus Greek philosopher even before Socrates Image of Michelangelo Raphael Plato (left) Aristotle (right) Both holding their own books Both gesturing their own beliefs (Plato looks like Da Vinci) Raphael Raphael himself Looking at “camera” Seems to know a secret Raphael School of Athens is actually 1 wall of a room of Raphael’s frescoes In the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City Raphael Triumph of Galatea (1513) Raphael Raphael Sistine Madonna (1512-1514) Michelangelo David (1501-1504) Michelangelo Sistine ChapelExterior Michelangelo Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512) Michelangelo The Last Judgment (1534-1541) Leonardo da Vinci Vinci is a town in Italy No one knows his last name Name literally means, Leonardo from Vinci Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was old enough to be Michelangelo’s father They hated each other Leonardo Mona Lisa (15031506) Leonardo Assumed that this is a self portrait (1513) Leonardo The Last Supper (1495-1497) Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo Leonardo Vetruvian Man