MIDTERM
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Midterm review and Chapter 1 pages 3-132
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 133-199
Chapter 3 Cell Structure
200-286
Chapter 4 Cells and Energy 287-335
Chapter 5 Cell growth
Chapter 8 DNA to Proteins
1.Name this molecule
which has a polar head
and two non-polar tails
and is used to make cell
membranes.
Phospholipid
2.Molecules (like lipids)
that are “water fearing”
and try to stay away
from water and other
polar molecules are
called
___________________.
Hydrophobic
3.Organisms like green
plants that can make
their own food are
called ________________.
Autotrophs
4.A “living thing” can
also be called a(n)
____________________.
Organism
5. Name this molecule
Glycoprotien (protein
with a sugar attached)
6. Tell the function of
the molecule in
previous question.
Cell to cell recognition
7.The nitrogen base
that is NOT found in
RNA is _______________.
Adenine Guanine
Cytosine Thymine
Uracil
Thymine
8.The process in which
cells change as they
grow to become
different kinds of cells
with different functions
is called
_________________.
Differentiation
9.The name of the type
of reproduction in
which genetic material
from two parents is
combined to produce
offspring.
Sexual
10.The sum of all the
chemical reactions that
build up and break
down molecules in cells
is called
_____________________.
Metabolism
11. Cells always try to
maintain a stable
internal environment.
This is called
____________________.
Homeostasis
12. Which of the
following molecules
could you join together
to make a
polysaccharide?
A
B
C
D
D
13. A molecule with an
uneven distribution of
electric charges (more
positive on one side
and more negative on
the other) is called
____________.
Polar
14.Which of the
molecules below is an
amino acid?
A
B
C
D
B
15. The monomers
(subunits) used to
make proteins are
________________.
amino acids nucleic
acids sugars lipids
nitrogen bases
Amino acids (transfer
RNA drops off)
16. Which of the
following molecules
could you use to build a
DNA molecule?
A
B
C
D
B- it’s a nucleotide
17.Animal cells store
glucose in our tissues
in the form of
________________.
Starch glycogen
cellulose glycoproteins
ATP
Glycogen
18. DNA and RNA are
both
_________________________.
Amino acids nucleic
acids carbohydrates
lipids proteins
Nucleic acids
19. The branch of
science that studies all
living things is called
___________.
Biology
20. Water is a ________
molecule.
Polar non-‐polar
Polar – gives water
properties like
cohesion adhesion and
capillary action
21. This type of
chemical reaction is
called
________________.
Condensation/
dehydration reaction
22. Humans are _____ and _____.
Unicellular
Autotrophs
Or
Or
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Multicellular +
Heterotrophs
23 , 24, 25. Name 3
characteristics shared
by all living things.
Demonstrates heridity (DNA)
Made of cells
Responds to stimuli
Metabolism (require energy)
Maintain homeostasis
Reproduce (asexual or sexual)
Grow/evolve/adapt
26. List the three parts
of the Cell Theory
____________, ______________,
& _____________.
Cell is smallest unit of
life, all living things
made of cells, and all
cells come from other
cells.
27. Enzymes increase
the rate of chemical
reactions by lowering
the ______________
Activation energy
28. A substance that has
a pH of 2 is ___________
times more/less
acidic/basic than a
substance with a pH of
5.
1000x, more acidic
29. Name D in this
diagram showing an
enzyme catalyzed
reaction.
Enzyme substrate
complex
30. If this molecule was
a nucleotide of RNA, tell
one of the nitrogen
bases that could be
used here.
Adenine, guanine,
cytosine, or uracil
31. Most enzyme names
end in the letters_______.
Ase
32. Which part of a
phospholipid is polar?
Head
Tails
Head
33. Name the circled
organelle and give the
chemical equation of the
reaction completed in this
location.
Mitochondria
34.The arrow is
pointing to stacks
called ________________
that are made up of
individual discs called
________________ that
contain the pigment
____________________.
Grana, thylakoids,
chlorophyll
35. Membranes that
allow certain
substances to pass
through, but keep other
out are said to be
SELECTIVELY_____________
__.
Permiable
36. Membrane proteins
that pass all the way
through the cell
membrane are called
____________________
proteins.
Integral or channel
proteins
37. Any organism with a
nuclear membrane and
membrane bound
organelles is called a
_______________________.
Eukaryote
38. These circled
organelles are called
______ and are used for
______.
Centrioles, cell
division-> separate
chromosome
39. Which organelle
acts as the UPS of the
cell to sort, modify, and
package proteins and
other molecules for
storage or transport out
of the cell?
Golgi (ships vesicles)
40. Which organelle
synthesizes long chains
of this molecule?
Ribosomes (synthesize
means put together)
41. Name this organelle
and write the chemical
equation of the
reaction completed
here.
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O C6H12O6+6O2
42. Define Biology.
The study of life
43. Define cell
Basic unit of life
44. Define organism
An individual animal,
plant, or single-celled
life form
45. Define metabolism
The chemical processes
that occur within a
living organism in
order to maintain life
46. What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid,
is genetic cell of a cell
47. What is
homeostasis?
Stable equilibrium
between
interdependent
elements
48. Define evolution
Process in which living
organisms are thought
to have developed and
diversified from earlier
forms of life
49. Define adaptation
The action/process of
adapting to the
environment around a
living thing.
50. What are the 7
characteristics of life?
Composed of cells
Requires energy
Maintains Homeostasis
Reproduce
Displays heredity
Evolve/adapt
Responds to stimuli
51. What is the scientific
method?
A process that is
completed where
knowledge is obtained
52. Define Independent
variable
A variable whose
variation does not
depend on that of
another
53. Define dependent
variable
A variable whose value
depends on that of
another
54. Define constant
Occurs continuously
during an experiment
55. Define control
Is base of the
experiment
56. Define theory
Based on facts and is a
fact that has not been
proven wrong
57. What is spontaneous
generation?
The supposed
production of living
organisms coming
from non living matter.
58. What did
Spallanzani do?
Disproved spontaneous
generation
Experiment- Had 2
flasks had one sealed
and one open
59. What did Redi do?
Disproved abiogenesis
by proving maggots
come from flies laying
eggs not from rotting
meat
60. What did Needham
do?
Tested spontaneous
generation and
contradicted
spallanzanis work
61. What did Pasteur
do?
Boiled broth with S
curved flask and broke
it to disprove
spontaneous
generation
62. What is a compound
light microscope?
Light microscope that
has 2 lens.
The ocular and
objective lens
63. What is the total
magnification
equation?
Ocular lens
magnification
multiplied by the
magnification of the
objective lens
64. Define resolution
The ability of the
microscope to
differentiate two
objects when you view
them on a specimen
slide
65. What are the parts of
a light microscope and
their functions?
Body Tube
Coarse Adjustment
Knob
Fine Adjustment Knob
Arm
Base
Light
Stage
Stage clips
Nosepiece
66. What is SEM?
Scanning electron
microscope
67. What is TEM?
Transmission Electron
Microscope
Chapter 2Chemistry of
Life
1. Define atoms
The basic unit of a
chemical element
2. Define element.
A substance that
cannot be broken down
by chemical means and
is made up of atoms
with identical # of
protons
3. What are
compounds?
A material made up of 2
or more elements
4. What is a chemical
reaction?
A process that involves
rearrangement of the
molecular or ionic
structure of a
substance, opposed to a
change in physical
form
5. What is a reactant?
A substance that
undergoes a change
6. What is a product?
The result of a reaction
7. What is bond energy?
The amount of energy it
takes to break a bond
8. What does
equilibrium mean?
A state in which
opposing forces or
influences are
balanced
9. What is activation
energy?
The energy it takes to
start a reaction
10. What is an
exothermic reaction?
A reaction that gives off
heat
11. What is an
endothermic reaction?
A reaction that takes in
heat
12. What is covalent
bonding?
A chemical reaction
that involves sharing a
pair of electrons
between atoms in a
molecule
13. What is ionic
bonding?
A chemical bond in
which one atom loses
an electron and
another atom gains an
electron
14. What is the pH scale?
A scale that shows how
acidic or basic a
material is 0-6 is acidic
7 is neutral and 8-14 is
basic.
15. What is an acid?
A material that is 0-6 on
pH scale
16. What is a base?
A material that is 8-14
on pH scale
17. What is the
relationship between
hydrogen ions and pH?
The more H+ added to a
substance the more
acidic it becomes also
the more OH- added to a
substance the more
basic it becomes
18. What is cohesion?
The ability to co exist
with the same
substance
19. What is adhesion?
The ability to stick to a
different substance
20. What is capillary
action?
The ability to draw a
liquid due to surface
tension upwards
against the force of
gravity
21. What is a solute?
Substance dissolved in
the solvent
22. What is a solvent?
A substance that
dissolves the solute
23. What are the special
properties of water?
Cohesion, adhesion,
capillary action, polar,
hydrogen bond and
high boiling point
24. What is a catalyst?
A substance that
increases the rate of a
chemical reaction
without itself
undergoing any
permanent chemical
change
25. What is a enzyme?
A substance produced
by a living thing or
organism that acts as a
catalyst to bring about
a specific reaction
26. What is a substrate?
The substance on
which an enzyme acts
27. What is the picture
below of?
Lock-and-Key model
28. What is a monomer?
A molecule that can be
bonded to other
identical molecules to
for a polymer
29. What monomers and
types of bonds are in
proteins, carbs, lipids,
and nucleic acids?
Proteins- Amino acids
Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides
Lipids- Glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides
30. What is the picture
below of?
Amino acid
31. What is the picture
below of?
Fatty acid
32. What is the picture
below of?
Nucleic acid
33. What is the picture
below of?
Phospholipid
Chapter 3- Cell
Structure and
Function
1. What is cell theory?
Says that all living
things are composed of
at least one cell
2. What is cytoplasm?
The gel like material
with in a living cell
3. What is an organelle?
Structures within a
living cell
4. What is the difference
between prokaryote
and eukaryote?
Eukaryote has a
nucleus but prokaryote
does not have a nucleus
5. What did Robert
Hooke do?
Looked at a cork
through a microscope
and noticed the cells in
it
6. What did Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek do?
Is consider father of
microscopy because of
his work on
microscopes with new
methods of grinding
and polishing tiny
lenses of great
curvature
7. What did Matthias
Schleidon do?
Was co founder of cell
theory
8. What did Theodor
Schwann do?
Identified the cell as
the basic structure of
plant and animal tissue
9. What did Rudolf
Virchow do?
Built on the work of
Theodor Schwann to
prove cell theory
10. Define
cytoskeleton?
Microscopic network of
protein filaments and
tubules in the
cytoplasm of many
living cells, giving them
shape and coherence
11. What is a nucleus?
A dense organelle
present in most
eukaryotic cells,
typically a single
rounded structure
bounded by a double
membrane, containing
the genetic material
12. What does the
endoplasmic
Reticulum do?
Rough ER has
ribosomes attached to
it and is involved in
protein and lipid
synthesis
13. What is a ribosome?
A minute particle
consisting of RNA and
associated proteins,
found in large numbers
in the cytoplasm of
living cells. They bind
messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to
synthesize
polypeptides and
proteins
14. What is the Golgi
Apparatus?
A complex of vesicles
and folded membranes
within the cytoplasm of
most eukaryotic cells,
involved in secretion
and intracellular
transport. Is the UPS of
the cell
15. What is a vesicle?
Fluid/air filled sac
16. What is a vacuole?
Contains fluid
17. What is
mitochondria?
The place where the
process of respiration
and energy production
occur
18. What is a lysosome?
Organelle in the
cytoplasm containing
enzymes enclosed in a
membrane
19. What is a centriole?
Involved in the
development of spindle
fibers in cell division
20. What is a cell wall?
Rigid layer outside of
the membrane in plant
cells that consists of
cellulose
21. What is chloroplast?
Contains chlorophyll
and where
photosynthesis takes
place
22. What is a cell
membrane?
Semi permeable
membrane
surrounding the
cytoplasm of a cell
23. What is a
phospholipid?
Can form a lipid bilayer
which is consisted in a
cell membrane has a
polar head and a non
polar tail. Head is
hydrophilic and tail is
hydrophobic
24. What is the fluid
mosaic model?
Model of cell
membrane composed
of lipid bilayer with
scattered protiens
25. What is selectively
permeable mean?
Barrier that lets some
material in and out
26. What is a receptor
protein?
A substance that lets a
cell recognize things
27. What is cholesterol?
A sterol lipid, plays a
central role in many
process, and as a
lipoprotein that coats
the wall of blood vesses
28. What are channel
proteins?
Trans membrane
proteins found in the
phospholipid bilayer
allow specific
molecules to pass
through, thus crossing
the membrane
29. What are integral
proteins?
Tran membrane
protein that completely
spans the hydrophobic
interior of the
membrane
30. What are peripheral
proteins?
Protein that is bound to
the surface of the
membrane not
embedded in the
phospholipid bilayer
31. What is passive
transport?
Transport of a
substance across a cell
membrane by diffusion,
use of energy is not
required
32. What is diffusion?
The intermingling of
substances by the
natural movement of
their particles
33. What is a
concentration
gradient?
The movement of a
solute down its
concentration gradient
is called diffusion
34. What is osmosis?
Diffusion of molecules
through a semi
permeable membrane
from a place of higher
concentration to a
place of lower
concentration until the
concentration of both
sides is equal
35. Define Isotonic
Having the same or
equal osmotic pressure
36. Define Hypertonic
Having a higher
osmotic pressure than
a comparison solution
37. Define Hypotonic
Lower osmotic pressure
than a comparison
solution
38. What is facilitated
diffusion?
Transport of molecules
across a membrane by
carrier or channel
protein
39. What is active
transport?
Movement of molecules
across a cell membrane
into a region of higher
concentration, requires
energy
40. What is Endocytosis?
The taking in of matter
by a living cell by
invagination of its
membrane to form a
vacuole
41. What is
phagocytosis?
Process where
phagocytes engulf and
digest microorganisms
42. What is Pinocytosis?
The ingestion of liquid
into a cell by budding
of small vesicles from
the cell membrane
43. What is exocytosis?
A process by which the
contents of a cell
vacuole are released to
the exterior through the
fusion of the vacuole
membrane with the cell
membrane
Chapter 4Cells and
Energy
1. What is ATP?
Adenosine
triphosphate major
source of energy for
cellular reactions
2. What is ADP?
Adenosine diphosphate
can be converted to ATP
for energy storage
3. How does ATP and
ADP relate?
ATP is converted to ADP
when a covalent bond is
broke
4. What is the difference
between heterotrophs
and autotrophs?
Autotrophs make their
own energy
heterotrophs have to
consume energy
5. What is
photosynthesis’
purpose?
To make glucose from
CO2 and H20 so plants
can produce energy
6. What is the overall
equation of
photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H20 C6H12O6+6
O2
7. What is a pigment?
A molecule that takes in
light
8. What is the purpose
of the 2 photosystems?
Photosystem 1electron transfer
Photosystem 2splitting of water
molecule and
generation of ATP
9. What is chlorophyll?
Green pigment present
in green plants for the
absorption of light to
provide energy for
photosynthesis
10. What is a thylakoid?
Sacs inside a
chloroplast bounded by
pigmented membranes
on which the light
reactions of
photosynthesis take
place and are arranged
into stacks called
grana
11. What is the equation
for light dependent
reactions?
ADP + light +
NADP+ ATP + NADPH+
O2
12. What is the equation
for light independent
reactions?
ATP+ NADPH+ CO2
Glucose+ ADP+ NADPH+
13. What is stroma?
The gel like material
surrounding grana
14. What is the
difference between
grana and granum?
Grana is one stack
Granum is multiple
stacks
15. What is the calvin
cycle?
Light independent
reactions
16. What is the ETC?
Electron transport
chain and is the end of
aerobic respiration
17. What is the purpose
of cellular respiration?
To produce usable
energy from sugars
18. What is the overall
equation for cellular
respiration?
C6H12O6+6O2 6H2O +
6CO2 + energy
19. What is the equation
for glycolysis?
C6H12O6+2NAD+
+4ADP+2ATP 2
pyruvate+
2NADH+4ATP+2ADP
20. What is the equation
for the Krebs cycle?
2CoA+6NAD+ +2FAD+
+2ADP 4CO2+6NADH+2F
ADH2+2ATP
21. What is the equation
for ETC?
10 NADH + 2FADH2+ O2
34ATP+H2O+10NAD+
+2FAD+
22. What is ATP
synthase?
An enzyme that can
synthesize ATP from
ADP. It is a axle that
spins that turns the ADP
and the Inorganic
phosphate together to
make it ATP
23. What is the
difference between
aerobic and anaerobic
respiration?
Aerobic needs oxygen
to function
24. Describe
fermentation
Lactic and alcoholic
fermentation.
The chemical
breakdown of a
substance by
microorganisms
Chapter 5- Cell
Growth and
Division
1. Define cell cycle
The series of events
that takes place in a
cell leading to its
division and
duplication.
2. What types of cells
undergo mitosis?
Eukaryotic cells
3. What is mitosis?
A type of cell division
that results in two
daughter cells each
having the same
number and kind of
chromosomes as the
parent nucleus
4. What is cytokinesis?
The cytoplasmic
division of a cell at the
end of mitosis or
meiosis, so there is two
daughter cells
5. What is a parent cell?
The original cell before
cell division
6. What is a sister
chromatid?
2 identical copies of a
chromatin connected
by a centromere
7. How is cell sized
limited?
Surface area to volume
ratio limits it
8. What is a
chromosome?
Threadlike structure of
nucleic acids and
protein found in the
nucleus of most living
cells, carrying genetic
info in the form of
genes
9. What is a histone?
Proteins found in a
chromatin that the
chromosome wrapped
around
10. What is a
chromatin?
Chromosomes before
they wrap around the
histone
11. What is a
chromatid?
Each of the 2 threadlike
strands into which a
chromosome divides
longitudinally during
cell division each
contains a double helix
of DNA
12. What is a
centromere?
Where the 2 chromatid
connect
13. What is a telomere?
The ends of the
chromatid strands
14. What is interphase
and what are the
checkpoints of it?
G1, S phase, and G2
G1- cell increases in
size
S phase- DNA
instructions are
duplicated
G2-Continue to grow
and produce new
proteins
15. What is prophase?
First stage before cell
division where
chromosomes become
visible and chromatids
disappear
16. What is Metaphase?
2nd stage of cell
division where
chromosomes line up
in the middle of cell
17. What is anaphase?
3rd stage of Cell
division where spindle
fibers start to separate
chromatid
18. What is telophase?
The final phase of cell
division between
anaphase and
interphase in which
chromatids move to
opposite ends of the
cell and 2 nuclei are
formed
19. What is the
difference between cell
division in plants and
animals?
A) Plant cells do not use a mitotic
spindle to separate chromosomes.
B) Plant cells separate
chromosomes by attachment to
the plasma membrane.
C) In a plant cell, there is no
nucleus around the chromosomes.
D) There is no DNA replication
before cell division in plant cells.
E) Plant cells separate by growth
of a cell wall and membrane in the
middle of the cell.
20. How do parent cells
compare to daughter
cells?
Identical
Chapter 8From DNA to
Proteins
1. What did Griffith do?
Found transforming
principle
2. What did Avery do?
Continued with
Griffiths work
3. What did Hershey and
Chase do?
Confirmed that DNA is
the genetic material
4. What is
bacteriophage?
A virus at parasitizes a
bacterium by infecting
it and reproducing
inside it
5. What are
nucleotides?
A compound consisting
or a nucleoside linked
to a phosphate group.
Nucleotides form the
basic structural unit of
nucleic acids such as
DNA
6. Who discovered the
DNA structure and what
is it?
Watson and Crick
Double helix
7. What is DNA
composed of?
3 primary parts, two long polymers of
simple units called nucleotides, with
backbones made of (1) five-carbon
sugars and (2) phosphate groups
joined by ester bonds; (3) attached to
each sugar is one of four types of
molecules called bases (thymine and
cytosine [classified as pyrimidines]
and guanine and adenine [classified
as purines]). It is the sequence of
these four bases along the backbone
that encodes information in order to
manufacture proteins
8. What is Chargaff’s
rule?
A=T
C=G
9. What did Watson and
Crick do?
Discovered double
helix using xray
crystallography
10. What are the types of
bonds in DNA?
Covalent and hydrogen
11. What is the structure
of a nucleotide?
12. What is the structure
of DNA?
13. What did Franklin
do?
Really found out the
structure of DNA first
but Watson and Crick
stole it and were said to
be the actual discovers
because franklin was a
women
14. What is DNA
replication and what
are its steps?
Dna strand unzips and
on each side the dna is
duplicated with a=t and
c=g
15. What is DNA
polymerase and what
are the 2 functions of it?
An enzyme that carries
out replication
Speeds up the
polymerization and
assembles the DNA