Science Final Review Notes
Does it Float or Sink?
Solids
• Phase of matter in which matter has a
definite shape and volume
Molecules (small
round objects)
are arranged and
organized in
“tightly packed”
order
Liquids
• Phase of matter in which matter takes
the shape of its container and has
definite volume
Molecules are
moving slowly;
not fast enough
to overcome the
attractions
between them
Gases
• Phase in which matter changes in both
volume and shape
Molecules move
very quickly and
are able to break
apart from one
another
So How Do We Classify
Them?
• How fast the molecules move!!!
Solids
Liquids
Molecules
Move
move slow faster than
and vibrate solids and
in place
overcome
some
attraction
Gases
Plasmas
Move fast
Move
and
incredibly
overcome
fast but
all of
break apart
attraction
• Potential Energy – Stored energy
• Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion
Circuits
• Complete, closed path through which
electric charges flow
Closed
Open
Two Types of Circuits
• 1. Series: all parts are connected
in one loop
Types Of Circuits
• 2. Parallel: different loads are
located on separate branches
Types Of Waves
• 2 Types
1. Transverse Waves
2. Longitudinal Waves
These two waves can be identified by the
direction in which the particles of the
medium vibrate compared with the
direction in which the waves travel
Transverse Waves
• Transverse: waves that move across
Particles in a
transverse wave
move across or
perpendicular to
the direction of
the wave
Longitudinal Waves
• Longitudinal: the particles of a medium
vibrate back and forth along the path that
the wave travels
Properties of Waves
• Amplitude: the maximum distance
the wave vibrates from its rest
position
Larger the amplitude = taller wave
What Does Amplitude Mean?
• Small Amplitude = low energy
• Large Amplitude = high
energy
Wavelength
• Wavelength: the distance between
any two adjacent crests or
compressions
Frequency
• Frequency: the number of waves
produced in a given amount of time
Expressed in
Hertz
Newton’s Laws
1. An object in motion tends to stay in
motion unless acted upon by an
outside force
2. Force = mass x acceleration
3. For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction
• The seven types of energy are:
Heat
Chemical
Light
Energy
Nuclear
Electrical
Sound
Mechanical
What Makes An Object Move?
• Force: a push or pull on an object
Characteristics of Forces
1. Have size
2. Direction
3. Units = Newtons
40.0 Newtons
Law of Gravity
• What goes up must come down.
• Gravitational force increases with increased
mass of the object or decreased distance
between objects.
Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can only change form.
Levers
• A simple machine consisting of a bar
that pivots at a fixed point
Fulcrum: pivot point
Inclined Planes
• Simple machine that is a straight,
slanted surface
The longer an inclined plane is compared to
its height, the greater the mechanical
advantage
Wheel and Axle
• Consists of two circular objects of
different sizes
1st Circular
Object
2nd Circular
Object
The wheel allows the individual to spin
the axle easier
Pulleys
• Consists of a grooved wheel that holds
a rope or a cable
Compound Machines
• Machines that are made of two or more
simple machines
The more moving parts, the more
mechanical advantage
What is Friction Then?
o Friction: a force that opposes
motion between two surfaces
that are touching
There is NO SUCH
THING as a completely
smooth surface!!
Efficiency In Machine
• Machines can be made to be more efficient
We do this by REDUCING…
Lubricants: substances
that are applied to
surfaces to reduce friction
between them
Physical Properties
Can be observed without changing
what the object originally was
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Changes
Changes in size, shape, or color (the
object is still the same substance)
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES
Chemical Changes
Evident when we make a NEW
SUBSTANCE!!
EVIDENCE OF PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHANGES
CHEMCIAL CHANGES
Size
Bubbling
Shape
Flammable
Color
Dissolving/Dissolves
** A WAY TO FIGURE OUT
HOW MUCH SUBSTANCE
YOU CAN DISSOLVE AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES**
** Match the temperature at
the bottom with the grams
of solute on the left
side…where they meet is
the solubility for that
substance**
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Name for the range of electromagnetic
waves when they are placed in order of
increasing frequency
Electromagnetic Spectrum Continued
long
Wavelength
short
low
Frequency
high
Refraction

Bending of a wave as it passes at an
angle from one medium to another
Reflection

When light or any other waves bounces off
an object
Allows us to see objects that do not produce their own light
Absorption and Scattering

Absorption: the transfer of energy
carried by light waves to particles of
matter
Light and Color

Color is produced by REFLECTION
and ABSORPTION!!!!
The colors
that are
REFLECTED
are the
colors that
you can
see!!!!!!
What Are Our Basic Colors?
Meet ROY G. BIV

THE RAINBOW!!!
R
O
Y
G
B
I
V
= RED
= ORANGE
= YELLOW
= GREEN
= BLUE
= INDIGO
= VIOLET