Study guide for Chapter 12
1. The production of ____ was one of the first industries to be affected by the Industrial
Revolution.
2. The factory created a new labor system in which
a. products were produced by an assembly line of workers and animals.
b. workers had to adjust to periods of hectic work, followed by periods of inactivity.
c. machines were valued more highly than the men who ran them.
d. workers had to work regular hours and do the same work over and over.
3. By 1830, two-thirds of the British cotton industry’s workforce was made up of _________________ .
4. ________ is the belief that people should be as free as possible from government restraints.
5. Otto von Bismarck practiced realpolitik, which was
a. a theory of politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics.
b. the view that military might equaled political might.
c. a belief that animals have political rights.
d. the study of the governments of other nations, both past and present.
6. The formation of the Confederate States of America was sparked by ________________.
7. __________ emphasized feelings and imagination as sources of knowing.
8. To Darwin, ____ was central to organic evolution.
9. The British novelist Charles Dickens became very successful with his
a. romantic novels focusing on the pastoral life of Britain’s farming community.
b. Gothic novels showing the dangers of man’s attempt to dominate nature.
c. secular novels portraying criminals who were evil.
d. realistic novels focusing on the lower and middle classes in Britain.
10. Who proposed the germ theory of disease?
11. According the principle of intervention, the great powers of Europe had the right to ________
12. Who developed a steam engine that could drive machinery?
13. The ____ was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution.
14. The pitiful conditions created by the Industrial Revolution gave rise to ______________.
15. The effect of the Crimean War was to
a. destroy the gold fields in the Crimea.
b. force the Estonian economy into a decline that lasted for twenty years.
c. strengthen the Concert of Europe with the addition of France.
d. destroy the Concert of Europe and leave Austria without friends among the great powers.
The normal working day begins at all seasons at 6 A.M. precisely and ends, after the usual break of half
an hour for breakfast, an hour for dinner and half an hour for tea, at 7 P.M. . . . Workers arriving 2
minutes late shall lose half an hour’s wages; whoever is more than 2 minutes late may not start work
until after the next break, or at least shall lose his wages until then. . . . No worker may leave his place of
work otherwise than for reasons connected with his work. . . . All conversation with fellow-workers is
prohibited . . . From Sidney Pollard and Colin Holmes, Documents of European Economic History, 1968.
16. According to the passage, how many hours did workers spend working?
17. Based on this passage, one would conclude ____.
a. that the supply of workers is plentiful
b. that it is hard to find workers
c. that employers must offer many benefits to keep good workers
d. that employee satisfaction is a high priority of this company
Inventor
Henry Cort
Edmund Cartwright
Robert Fulton
James Hargreaves
James Watt
Invention
process of puddling
water-powered loom
paddle-wheel steamboat
spinning jenny
steam engine used to drive machinery
18. What consumer good(s) do you think the inventions of Watt, Hargreaves, and Cartwright were used
to manufacture?
19. Which of the following was true of Britain’s population in the 19th century?
a. It grew the most between 1850 and 1870.
b. It grew more rapidly than that of the United States.
c. It grew less rapidly than that of the United States.
d. It grew the most between 1830 and 1870.
20. Which of the following is true based on the charts?
a. The population of the United States grew more rapidly than did the population of Britain.
b. Britain had fewer railroads in 1830 than the United States did.
c. The growth rate in the miles of railroad tracks from 1830 to 1900 was the same for both countries.
d. In 1870, the United States had more people per square mile than Britain did.
Scientist
Pasteur
Mendeleyev
Faraday
Darwin organic
Discovery
germ theory of disease
classification of elements by atomic weights
primitive generator laid the foundation for use of electricity
evolution and natural selection
21. Which scientist is responsible for the theory known as “survival of the fittest”?
22. Which scientist is credited for making electricity a usable commodity?
The first principle to be followed by the monarchs, united as they are by the coincidence of their desires
and opinions, should be that of maintaining the stability of political institutions against the disorganized
excitement which has taken possession of men’s minds. . . . The first and greatest concern for the immense
majority of every nation is the stability of the laws, and their uninterrupted action—never their change.
Therefore, let the governments govern, let them maintain the groundwork of their institutions, both
ancient and modern; for it is at all times dangerous to touch them. From Prince Klemens von Metternich,
Alexander Napler, trans., Memoirs, 1881.
23. What does Metternich describe as the most important concern for a nation?
Like many of my friends, I was dominated by the feeling that at last the great opportunity had arrived for
giving to the German people the liberty which was their birthright and to the German fatherland its unity
and greatness, and that it was now the first duty of every German to do and to sacrifice everything for this
sacred object. From Carl Schurz, Reminisc
24. What does Schurz want for Germany?
25. What does Schurz want for the German people?
In the afternoon, Garibaldi made a tour of inspection round [Palermo]. The popular idol [Garibaldi], in
his red flannel shirt, with a loose colored handkerchief around his neck, was walking on foot among those
cheering, laughing, crying, mad thousands; and all his few followers could do was to prevent him from
being bodily carried off the ground. The people threw themselves forward to kiss his hands, or at least, to
touch the hem of his garment. Children were brought up, and mothers asked on their knees for his
blessing. From the Times of London, June 13, 1860.
26. Which word or phrase in the passage indicates that the Italians considered Garibaldi a hero?
27. How was Garibaldi dressed during the inspection described in the passage?
a. as a king in royal red
c. as a military general
b. as a commoner
d. in a robe that touched the ground
It is easy to say, ‘Be bold; be firm; defy intimidation; let the law have its course; the law is strong enough
to put down the seditious.’ Sir, we have heard this blustering before, and we know in what it ended. It is
the blustering of little men, whose lot has fallen on a great crisis….The law has no eyes; the law has no
hands; the law is nothing—nothing but a piece of paper printed by the king's printer, with the king's
arms at the top—till public opinion breathes the breath of life into the dead letter. . . From Thomas
Macaulay, in a speech before Parliament, October 10, 1831.
28. What is the main idea of this passage?
a. People should follow the law.
b. England was going through a legal crisis.
c. Laws are effective only when people agree to follow them.
d. There is no need for Parliament to pass new laws.
The debate was closing at half-after twelve; and the main argument of the opponents was that if two
hours’ labor from these children, under eighteen years of age, were taken off, the consequences, on a
national scale, might be ‘truly dreadful’! It might, and would, destroy manufacturing capital; prevent us
from carrying on competition with foreign manufacturers; reduce mills to a small part of their present
value; and break up, as it were, the wealth and power of the country; render it comparatively feeble; and
expose it to be an easy prey to foreign nations. From William Cobbett
29. According to the passage, what would be the consequence of reducing child labor?
30. The passage describes a debate over cutting how many child labor hours per day?
A long suburb of red brick houses—some with patches of garden ground, where coal-dust and factory
smoke darkened the shrinking leaves, and coarse rank flowers; and where the struggling vegetation
sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace . . .—a long, flat, straggling suburb passed,
they came by slow degrees upon a cheerless region, where not a blade of grass was seen to grow; where
not a bud put forth its promise in the spring; where nothing green could live but on the surface of the
stagnant pools, which here and there lay idly sweltering by the black roadside. From Charles Dickens,
The Old Curiosity Shop, 1840–1841.
31. Based on this passage, the author’s attitude toward the Industrial Revolution is ____.
a. that it helps people
c. that it creates jobs for the poor
b. that it hurts the natural world
d. None of the above
The bombardment is still kept up, with only short intervals, especially from the Castle. All those who
came in this morning with Garibaldi are dead beat, having had no sleep last night, and plenty of work
since. The general himself is reposing on the platform which surrounds the large fountain in the Piazza
del Pretorio, where the committee is sitting en permanence. This committee, the same which carried on
the whole movement from the beginning, has constituted itself as a Provisional Government, under the
dictatorship of Garibaldi. From Nandor Eber, the Times of London, 1861.
32. The description of Garibaldi and his troops suggests that ____.
a.
they are discouraged
b.
they have no chance of success
c.
they believe they will soon win the war for independence
d.
the enemy is winning
33. What is the role of the committee described in this passage?
a.
to direct the troops
c.
to establish a dictatorship
b.
to serve as the new government
d.
None of the above