Chapter 4
Vocal Mechanism
Perry C. Hanavan, AuD
Question
The larynx is the:
A. Voice box
B. Throat
C. Esophagus
D. Nasal passage
E. Oral cavity
Phonatory System
Larynx
The only bone of the larynx is:
A. Thyroid
B. Cricoid
C. Arytenoid(s)
D. Epiglottis
E. Hyoid
Larynx
The vocalis muscle attaches to:
A. Thyroid
B. Cricoid
C. Arytenoid(s)
D. B and C
E. A and C
The largest cartilage is the:
A. Thyroid
B. Cricoid
C. Arytenoid(s)
D. Mandible
E. Hyoid
Larynx
To close or bring together:
A. Abduct
B. Adduct
C. Neither
Vocal Folds
Muscles of Larynx
• Extrinsic
– Have one point of
attachment to larynx
and other attachment
other structure
• Intrinsic
– Have origin and
insertion within larynx
The vocalis is an ____ laryngeal muscle:
A. Extrinsic
B. Intrinsic
C. Both
D. Neither
Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory
• Model describing voice
production (phonation) as
a combination of:
– Muscle force (myo)
– Tissue elasticity (elasticity)
– Pressures and flows
(aerodynamic)
– Bernoulli principle
The Bernoulli principle:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
As velocity increases, pressure decreases
As velocity decreases, pressure increases
As velocity increases, pressure increases
As velocity decreases, pressure decreases
A and B are true
C and D are true
Vocal Fold Phonation
• Determined by mass,
length, and tension
• Changes throughout
utterance (question vs.
statement, etc.)
• Males Fo
(80-150)
• Females Fo
(180-250)
• Children Fo
(250-300)
Glottal Spectrum
• Glottal Fo with
harmonics
• Does not represent
what is heard due to
vocal tract modulation
• The Fo corresponds to
the perceived pitch of
the voice
• The harmonics
contribute to the
quality of the voice
Fo & Harmonic Spacing
• Adult Male
• Adult Female
• Child
Roll Off--Fo
Who has the largest harmonic spaces
(distance between harmonics)?
A. Males
B. Females
C. Young girls
D. Young boys
E. C & D
FO & Hearing Loss
• Leder SB, Spitzer JB, Kirchner JC. Ann Otol Rhinol
Laryngol. 1987 May-Jun;96(3 Pt 1):322-4.
–
Speaking fundamental frequency of postlingually
profoundly deaf adult men.
We investigated the speaking fundamental frequency
(F0) of 21 postlingually profoundly sensorineurally
deaf men. Results indicated that speaking F0 was
significantly higher for the deaf group than for normalhearing, age-matched men. Neither duration of
profound deafness nor hearing aid usage affected
speaking F0 values significantly.
Hearing vs. Hearing Loss
J Acoust Soc Am. 1982 Jan;71(1):196-202. Long-term average
speech spectra for normal and hearing-impaired adolescents.
Monsen RB.
Acoustical aspects of the speech of hearing-impaired were
measured. The normal spectra are characterized by a regular
pattern of peaks occurring at multiples of the talkers' fundamental
frequencies and by slopes declining at rates of -5 to -6 dB/octave.
After correction for lip-radiation impedance, these slopes are similar
to that reported for the normal glottal source ( - 12 dB/octave). The
hearing-impaired adolescents produced spectra for which the
harmonic structure ranged from the very well defined to the irregular
and poorly defined; spectral slopes declined at rates equal to or
greater than the normal rate, in some cases declining at twice the
normal rate.
Hearing vs. Cochlear Implant
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 Nov 11;66(2):115-23. Changes of voice and articulation in children with
cochlear implants. Seifert E, Oswald M, Bruns U, Vischer M, Kompis M, Haeusler R.
OBJECTIVE: The different speech sounds are formed
by the primary voice signal and by the shape of the
articulation tract. With this mechanism, specific
overtones, the formants, are generated for each vowel.
The objective of this study was to investigate the
fundamental frequency (F0) of the voice signal and the
first three formants (F1-F3) as a parameter of the
articulation in prelingually deafened children at different
timepoints after cochlear implantation (CI) compared
with children with normal speech development.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that prelingually
deaf children who receive a cochlear implant before their
fourth birthday attain better acoustic control over their
speech, normalizing their fundamental frequencies and
improving their articulatory skills.
Post CI & TC
Ear Hear. 2003 Feb;24(1):48-70. Longitudinal changes in children's speech and voice physiology after
cochlear implantation. Higgins MB, McCleary EA, Carney AE, Schulte L.
OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this investigation were 1) to describe speech/voice
physiological characteristics of prelingually deafened children before and after
cochlear implantation and determine whether they fall into a range that would be
considered deviant, 2) to determine whether selected deviant articulatory and
phonatory behaviors of children with cochlear implants persist despite long-term
cochlear implant use and continued participation in aural rehabilitation services, and
3) to determine whether further development of deviant articulatory and phonatory
behaviors occurs postimplantation.
CONCLUSIONS: Children who received cochlear implants after 5 yrs of age
and who were educated in a Total Communication setting showed
persistence and further development of deviant speech/voice behaviors for
several years post-cochlear implant. Although our findings cannot be
generalized to other populations of children with cochlear implants (i.e.,
those who were implanted earlier, those educated in auditory-oral programs),
it seems wisest at the present time not to assume that children's deviant
speech/voice behaviors will remit spontaneously with continued cochlear
implant use.
Which is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Speaking F0 was significantly higher for the late deafened group
than for normal-hearing
Children who received CIs and educated in a TC setting showed
further development of speech/voice behaviors for several years
post-CI.
Prelingually deaf children who receive a CI before fourth birthday
attain better acoustic control over their speech, normalizing their
fundamental frequencies
Adolescents with hearing loss produced spectra for which the
harmonic structure ranged from the very well defined to the
irregular and poorly defined; spectral slopes declined at rates
equal to or greater than the normal rate
All false
All true
Voice Disorders
• jitter
– cycle to cycle variability in frequency of vocal
fold vibration also called frequency
perturbation
• shimmer
– cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of vocal
fold vibration also called amplitude
perturbation
Which is jitter?
A. cycle to cycle variability in frequency of true vocal fold
vibration also called frequency perturbation
B. cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of vocal fold
vibration also called amplitude perturbation
C. cycle to cycle variability in frequency of false vocal fold
vibration also called frequency perturbation
D. cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of false vocal fold
vibration also called amplitude perturbation
Noise series
Jitter + noise series
Jitter only series
Shimmer + noise series
Shimmer only series
Polyps
• Polyps video