Periodic Table Review
1. Parts of the Periodic Table
2. Introduction to the Periodic Table
3. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
4. Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and
Electronegativity
5. Isotopes and Average Atomic Mass
The columns are called groups or families. Groups have similar physical and
chemical properties and the same number of valence electrons.
Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue.
Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue. Alkali metals, Alkaline
Earth metals, Halogens, and Noble Gases
The rows are called periods. The period number matches the principle energy level
of the element. This will be the principle energy level of the valence electrons.
What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni?
What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni? 4—it is in the row numbered 4
Using the Periodic Table
Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about
Silicon
How many protons does Silicon have?
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have?
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (#
electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have?
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (#
electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is
an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is
protons + neutrons.
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (#
electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is
an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is
protons + neutrons.
What is the atomic mass of Silicon?
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (#
electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is
an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is
protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 amu (this is the same as
the atomic mass on the periodic table)
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (#
electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is
an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is
protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 grams/mole (this is the
same as the atomic mass on the periodic table)
How many valence electrons does Silicon have?
How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number.
How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (#
electrons = # protons in neutral atoms)
How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is
an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is
protons + neutrons.
What is the molar mass of Silicon? 28.0855 grams/mole (this is the
same as the atomic mass on the periodic table)
How many valence electrons does Silicon have? 4 valence electrons.
Look for electrons in the highest principle energy level.
An s orbital holds 2
electrons w/ opposite spins
Each p orbital holds 2ewith opposite spins
Each d orbital holds 2ewith opposite spins
The orbitals and the periodic table
The s
suborbitals fills
The orbitals and the periodic table
The p
suborbitals fill
The orbitals and the periodic table
The d
suborbitals fill
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
All group 3a elements have the
valance electron configuration
ns2np1 and 3 valence electrons
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
All group 5a elements have the
valance electron configuration
ns2np3 and 5 valance electrons.
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
What is the valence configuration
of the halogens?
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Valence electron configuration and the periodic table
What is the valence configuration
of the halogens? ns2np5.
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity.
Atomic Radius: Half the distance between two atoms nuclei when
they are bonded.
Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove an electron from an
atom.
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to
itself when chemically combined with another element.
Atomic Radius: Half the distance between two atoms nuclei when they are bonded.
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove an electron
from an atom.
Ionization energy
increases as you
move to higher
number groups.
Group 8a has the
highest ionization
energy.
Ionization energy
decreases as you
move down the
periodic table.
First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove an electron
from an atom.
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to
itself when chemically combined with another element.
The halogen group has the highest electronegativity of the families. The first
period has the highest electronegativity. Noble gases do not have
electronegativity as the valence shell is already full.
Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Cations form by losing valance electrons to achieve a stable outer energy
level.
Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure
Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Cations form by losing valance electrons to achieve a stable outer energy
level.
So Li loses the 2s1 electron to form Li+1.
Mg loses both 3s2 electrons to form Mg+2
Al loses three electrons from 3s23p1 to form Al+3
Chemistry Review—Atomic Structure
Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration
Anions form by gaining valance electrons to achieve a stable outer energy
level.
So F becomes F1- by gaining a 2p electron to have the new valance
configuration 2s22p6.
S becomes S2- by gaining two 2p electrons to have the new valance
configuration 3s23p6.
N becomes N3- by gaining three 2p electrons to have the new valance
configuration 2s22p6.
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number
of neutrons.
12
C
6
13
C
6
Carbon-14 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons
14
C
6
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number
of neutrons.
12
C
6
13
C
6
Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons
14
C
6
Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number
of neutrons.
12
C
6
13
C
6
14
C
6
You figure out the average atomic mass of a compound by using a
weighted average of the mass number for each isotope.
Example: a sample contains 10% C-13, 60% C-12 and 40% C-14. The
average atomic mass is
(0.10 x 13) + (0.60 x 12) + (0.30 x 14) = 12.7