THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE EU:
The quest for relevance
Summer School
‘The EU Inside Out’
(KU Leuven, May 2015)
Prof. Dr. Stephan KEUKELEIRE
Jean Monnet Chair in European Foreign Policy
University of Leuven (K.U.Leuven)
Visiting Professor at the College of Europe (Bruges)
Leuven International and European Studies (LINES)
Parkstraat 45 (bus 3602), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
Stephan.Keukeleire@soc.kuleuven.be
www.lines-institute.eu
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The creation of CFSP (Maastricht Treaty,
1991/1993): a deconstruction
The creation of CFSP (Maastricht Treaty,
1991/1993): a deconstruction
The Nature of EUFP (1)
• Multi-faceted
o
o
o
o
o
Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP)
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
‘External action’ (Development, trade, …)
External dimensions of internal policies
Interaction with member state foreign policies
 EUFP neither exclusive nor all-encompassing
The Nature of EU Foreign Policy (2)
• Multi-method
o
o
o
Intergovernmental method (CFSP, CSDP)
Community method (External action, …)
National method
• Multi-level & Multi-location
o
o
o
Interaction between national and EU levels
Interaction between EUFP and other IO
zero-sum vs. positive-sum game
CSDP: current military operations and civilian
missions
Relational foreign policy versus
Structural foreign policy
• Relation foreign policy
• Structural foreign policy
= a foreign policy which, conducted over the long-term, seeks to
influence or shape sustainable political, legal, socio-economic,
security and mental structures on the various relevant levels
(individuals, societies, states, regional and international level).
= about the games and rules of the game that determine behavior of
actors
© Prof. Keukeleire, University of
Leuven www.exploringeurope.eu/foreignpolicy
Structural Foreign Policy (SFP)
© Keukeleire and Deleux, 2014
The Foreign Policy of the EU
Structural foreign policy - Examples
 Examples of the SFP of the EU
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EC/EU policy vis-à-vis CEEC since 1988
Policy towards the Palestinian Territories after 1995
Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe (Balkans)
Policy towards Kosovo
European Mediterranean Policy (EMP)
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
 Competing structural powers and structural foreign policies

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American policy
Russian policy towards the CIS
‘Islamism’: Salafism/Wahabism; IS; Saudi Arabia; Qatar; Iran; Turkey(?); …
China
…
© Prof. Keukeleire, University of
Leuven www.exploringeurope.eu/foreignpolicy
Overcoming European/Western navel-gazing
The search for relevance
• Global level
• Regional level
• Societal and individual level
The search for relevant knowledge
10
Regional level
11
Societal and individual level
“Please tell me if you have a very favorable, somewhat
favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion
of the EU?”
Percentage of respondents replying ‘very favorable’ or ‘somewhat favorable’
2012
2010
Japan
65
73
Russia
59
69
Tunisia
58
--
Lebanon
54
61
United States
50
57
Brazil
44
55
Egypt
39
42
Mexico
37
42
China
33
47
Jordan
25
29
Turkey
21
28
India
21
--
Pakistan
13
8
Source: Pew Research Centre Global Attitudes Project (2013)
© Keukeleire and
MacNaughtan,
The
The BRICS
and other new constellations of power
© Keukeleire
and
MacNaughtan,
The Foreign
Policy of the EU
III. Need to think outside the (European)
box
and to adopt an outside-in perspective
• Geographic outside-in approach
• Disciplinary outside-in approach
• Impact-based outside–in approach
Implications for the EEAS
Implications for the academic world
欧洲联盟
18
Внешняя политика
19
‫الدولة اإلسالمية في العراق والشام‬
‫‪20‬‬
Towards an Outside-in approach
in assessing the EU’s role in the world
© Keukeleire and
MacNaughtan,
The
© Keukeleire and MacNaughtan,
Policy of the EU
The Foreign
EU foreign policy & the (new?)
institutional set-up: Fit for purpose?
o
o
o
o
No single European foreign policy!
The remaining important role of the member states (and
large member states in particular)
The new composition and organization of the European
Commission (and EEAS?)
The new leaders: Tusk, Juncker, Mogherini, and the
various new Commissioners
BUT: will the new organisational setup enable the EU
o to increase the EU’s relevance?
o and to diminish
the EU’s knowledge gap?
26
© Keukeleire and
MacNaughtan,
The
Recent Publications
 Keukeleire, S. and Delreux, T. (2014) The Foreign Policy of the European
Union. 2nd Edition (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 390 pp.).
•
Keukeleire S. and Delreux, T. (2015) ‘Competing structural powers and
challenges for the EU’s structural foreign policy’, Global Affairs, 1(1), pp. 43-50.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23340460.2015.983730http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/1
0.1080/23340460.2015.983730
 Keukeleire, S. and Hooijmaaijers, B. (2014) ‘The BRICS and other Emerging
Power Alliances and Multilateral Organisations in the Asia-Pacific and the Global
South: Challenges for the European Union and its View on Multilateralism’,
Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(3), pp. 582-599.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcms.12102/abstract
 Keukeleire, S. (2014) ‘Lessons for the Practice and Analysis of EU Diplomacy
from an “Outside-in” Perspective’, in Gstöhl, S. and Lannon, E. (eds.), The
Neighbours of the EU’s Neighbours: Diplomatic and Geopolitical Dimensions
beyond the ENP, Ashgate, pp. 227-241.
 Keukeleire, S. and Raube, K. (2013) ‘The Security-Development Nexus and
Securitisation in the EU’s policies towards developing countries’, in Cambridge
Review of International Relations, 26(4).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09557571.2013.822851#.U-ojVE2KDcu

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