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» Our behavior is built through the information we
get from our outside world, which we interpret and
integrate into a set of knowledge.
» First, we get information through the cooperation
of all our senses. It is said that when different
sensory inputs are combined, our experiences are
enriched.
» Example, listening a recorded lecture could be
inferior as compared to listening to a lecturer live
with her facial expressions, gestures, and visual
aids.
Choose which picture you prefer in a given set.
Listening to music of
your favourite singer via
CDs
Watching a live
concert?
»Sensation and Perception are
two distinct phases of one
process.
»Sensation === Perception
»Sensation + Perception =
Sensory & Perceptual Process
» Sensation is the process by which information
about the world is registered by the senses and
transmitted to the brain.
» A large amount of information is being sensed
at any one time such as room temperature,
brightness of the lights, someone talking, a
distant train, or the smell of perfume. With all
this information coming into our senses, the
majority of our world never gets recognized.
» We don't notice radio waves, x-rays, or the microscopic
parasites crawling on our skin. We don't sense all the odors
around us or taste every individual spice in our gourmet
dinner. We only sense those things we are able too since
we don't have the sense of smell like a bloodhound or the
sense of sight like a hawk; our thresholds are different from
these animals and often even from each other.
» Sensation includes two stages: the physical stage
(registration of stimulus through the senses), and the
physiological stage (transmission of information through
electro-chemical impulses to the brain)
» Prefers to interpretation of what we take in
through our senses.
» Perception is the interpretation of the
sensation.
» The way we perceive our environment is what
makes us different from other animals and
different from each other.
» It is the Psychological Stage of the process
Sensation:
Uy, si Willie
Physiological
palaStage
yun! Hmp!
Information
from
Di naman
the senses is
gwapo. Ang
transmitted to the
feeling.
brain Eew!
Wow! Si
STIMULUS:
Made upWilliiee!
of
Sensation:
colors,
Eeeeeeeh!
shapes, and Physical Stage
formsAng Information
is
pogi
by
pogi registered
mo!
the senses
Perception:
Psychological Stage
Sensation is
interpreted
»Branch of Psychology that
studies the relationship
between the physical nature
of stimuli and a person’s
sensory responses
» The absolute threshold is the point where
something becomes noticeable to our
senses. It is the softest sound we can hear or
the slightest touch we can feel. Anything less
than this goes unnoticed. The absolute
threshold is therefore the point at which a
stimuli goes from undetectable to detectable to
our senses.
»
»
»
Hearing
In hearing, the absolute threshold refers to the smallest level of a tone that can be detected
by normal hearing when there are no other interfering sounds present. An example of this
might be measuring at what levels a participants can detect the ticking sound of clock.
Young children generally have a lower absolute threshold for sounds since the ability to
detect sounds at the lowest and highest ranges tends to decrease with age. Researchers
suggest that the quietest sound that children with normal hearing can detect is around
1,000 Hz.
Vision
In vision, the absolute threshold refers to the smallest level of light that a participant can
detect. For example, determining the absolute threshold for vision might involve measuring
the distance at which a participant can detect the presence of a candle flame in the dark.
In one classic experiment, researchers found that after controlling for dark adaptation,
wavelength, location and stimulus size, the human eye was able to detect a stimulus of 90
photons could generate visual experience.
Smell
For odors, the absolute threshold involves the smallest concentration that a participant is
able to smell. An example of this would be to measure what the smallest amount of
perfume that a subject is able to smell in a large room.
» This term is generally used in the context of
perception process. It refers to the maximum level
at which an individual can experience a sensation.
» It is the maximum physical energy, which can still
be detected by a sense organ, and beyond which,
there will be no more sensation, or a sensation of a
different modality.
» While in the field of consumer behaviour it denotes
the maximum level of marketing stimuli, which is
consciously noticed by a consumer.
» Once a stimulus becomes detectable to us, how do we recognize if this
stimulus changes. When we notice the sound of the radio in the other
room, how do we notice when it becomes louder. It's conceivable that
someone could be turning it up so slightly that the difference is
undetectable. The difference threshold is the amount of change needed
for us to recognize that a change has occurred. This change is referred to
as the Just Noticeable Difference.
» This difference is not absolute, however. Imagine holding a five pound
weight and one pound was added. Most of us would notice this
difference. But what if we were holding a fifty pound weight? Would we
notice if another pound were added? The reason many of us would not is
because the change required to detect a difference has to represent a
percentage. In the first scenario, one pound would increase the weight by
20%, in the second, that same weight would add only an additional
2%. This theory, named after its original observer, is referred to as Weber's
Law.
» Have you ever been in a crowded room with lots of
people talking? Situations like that can make it
difficult to focus on any particular stimulus, like the
conversation we are having with a friend. We are
often faced with the daunting task of focusing our
attention on certain things while at the same time
attempting to ignore the flood of information
entering our senses. When we do this, we are
making a determination as to what is important to
sense and what is background noise.
» This concept is referred to as signal detection
because we attempt detect what we want to focus
on and ignore or minimize everything else.
» The last concept refers to stimuli which has become
redundant or remains unchanged for an extended period
of time. Ever wonder why we notice certain smells or
sounds right away and then after a while they fade into
the background? Once we adapt to the perfume or the
ticking of the clock, we stop recognizing it.
» This process of becoming less sensitive to unchanging
stimulus is referred to as sensory adaptation, after all, if it
doesn't change, why do we need to constantly sense it?
» Refers to the reduction in sensitivity to stimulation as
stimulation persists through time, and to increase in
sensitivity with lack of stimulation
» This stage refers to the physiological processes that
start with the action of the stimulus on a receptor,
which then triggers a flow of nerve impulses from
the receptor to some terminal point in the nervous
system.
» MODALITY of a Sensation
»
»
Refers to the different categories of a sensation
Visual (Color) vs Auditory (Sound)
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QUALITY of a Sensation
Refers to the different experiences within the same modality.
Blue vs Red vs Yellow ; Bitter vs Sweet
INTENSITY of a Sensation
Refers to a distinction in a degree within the same quality
Light blue vs dark blue vs navy blue
DURATION of a Sensation
Indicates the length of time a sensation lasts in the consciousness.
REACTTION TIME of a Sensation
Refers to the time interval between the application of a sensory
stimulus on a receptor and the recognition of this sensory
experience as manifested by the reaction of the subject.
» Extrasensory Perception is defined as the
acquisition by the mind of some information,
which could not have been perceived by the
normal sense organs.
» Hence, it refers to perceptions that require no
organ stimulation.
» Activity: The Pendulum
» Precognition
» In parapsychology, precognition (from the Latin præ-, “before,” + cognitio,
“acquiring knowledge”), also called future sight, and second sight, is a type of
extrasensory perception that would involve the acquisition or effect of future
information that cannot be deduced from presently available and normally
acquired sense-based information or laws of physics and/or nature. A
premonition (from the Latin praemonēre) and a presentiment are information
about future events that is perceived as emotion.
» Example: Nostradamus’ Predictions of the Future (Video)
» Clairvoyance
» The term clairvoyance (from French clair meaning "clear" and voyance
meaning "vision") is used to refer to the ability to gain information about an
object, person, location or physical event through means other than the known
human senses, a form of extra-sensory perception. A person said to have the
ability of clairvoyance is referred to as a clairvoyant ("one who sees clearly").
» Psychokinesis
» (from the Greek ψυχή, "psyche", meaning mind, soul, heart, or breath; and
κίνησις, "kinesis", meaning motion, movement; literally "mind-movement"), also
referred to as telekinesis (Greek τῆλε + κίνησις, literally "distant-movement")
with respect to strictly describing movement of matter, sometimes abbreviated
PK and TK respectively, is a term coined by publisher Henry Holt to refer to the
direct influence of mind on a physical system that cannot be entirely accounted
for by the mediation of any known physical energy (i.e. moving objects with the
mind). Examples of psychokinesis could include distorting or moving an object,
and influencing the output of a random number generator.
» Telepathy
» (from the Greek τηλε, tele meaning "distant" and πάθη, pathe meaning
"affliction, experience"),]is the transmission of information from one person to
another without using any of our known sensory channels or physical
interaction. The term was coined in 1882 by the classical scholar Frederic W. H.
Myers, founder of the Society for Psychical Research, and has remained more
popular than the earlier expression thought-transference.