Fact # 1
Since December 2007, over 50 Australian schools including interstate schools and overseas institutions have used the
Parkes Radio Telescope to collect data on pulsars for analysis.
Students have controlled the telescope via the internet to observe several pulsars.
Frequently Asked Questions answered at: http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/pulseatparkes/teachers/teachers.html

What is a Pulsar?
• In 1934 Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of a new type of star -neutron star
• In 1967 Jocelyn Bell discovered a pulsar(media reported the discovery as little green men)
Properties
• density of 10 17 Kg/m -3
• Thimbleful has a mass of 10 9 tonnes
• Rotates once to several hundred times per second
• Acceleration due to gravity at surface of pulsar is ~ 10 12 m.s
-2 cf 10 m.s
-2 at Earth’s
• Escape velocity ~ 50% of the speed of light.

Fact # 4
A pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star. Jets of electromagnetic radiation stream from the pulsar and are observed as pulses of radio waves because of this rotation.
The Parkes Radio telescope has been instrumental in discovering nearly two-thirds of all known pulsars.

Fact # 5
Typical pulsar diameters are approximately 20 to 25 kilometres with a mass roughly 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. The mean density is approximately 6.7 x 10 14 grams/cm 3 which is equivalent to a single sugar cube weighing as much as all of humanity (approximately the weight of 7 billion people).

Fact # 6
The 64 metre Parkes radio telescope was built in 1961 and has operated continuously for over 50 years. It is a world class instrument at the forefront of radio astronomy due to continual upgrades. It is now 10,000 times more sensitive than when it was first built.

Fact # 7
The pulsar catalogue has over 1,900 pulsars and can be accessed electronically at the link below. Some pulsars have two different designations (B and J). The designation B indicates 1950 coordinates which were used prior to 1993, whereas the J designation is now used in 2000 coordinates . The J designation also uses a more accurate declination. The example below includes both designations for the same pulsar.
Before 1993
After 1993
PSR B 1919+21 PSR J 1919+2153
Pulsating source of radio
Location of the pulsar (right ascension , declination)
The complete pulsar catalogue can be found at: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/psrcat/

Fact # 8
A pulsar map was included on the Pioneer 10 and 11 probes launched in 1972 and 1973 respectively. They show the position of the Sun, relative to 14 pulsars, so that our position in space can be calculated by extra-terrestrials that encounter the probes.

Fact # 9
The line graph indicates the number of known pulsars from 1967 to 2011.
Discovery of the first pulsar
PSR B 1919+21 in July 1967 by Jocelyn Bell.

Fact # 10
The nearest millisecond pulsar (MSP)discovered in 1992 during the Parkes 70 cm survey is approximately 510 light years away.
It is known as PSR J0437-4715 and it has a period of
5.757451831072007

0.000000000000008 milliseconds
It is the most stable natural clock in the whole universe.

Fact # 12
The Parkes radio telescope is so sensitive that a mobile phone call from Pluto would be considered a really strong signal.

Fact # 14
Australian and U.S. astronomers used
CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope to measure the distortion of space-time around the pulsar J0437-4715 and its companion white dwarf.
In this pulsar system, the pulsar's radio waves travel through the curved spacetime around its white dwarf companion, and arrive on Earth a little later than if they had travelled through undistorted space-time. The effect, called the Shapiro delay, was first proposed in 1964 by Irwin I. Shapiro.
The data clearly showed the predicted delay, making this the first test of general relativity in which the geometry of the system has been used to predict a relativistic effect. This provided another confirmation of Einstein's general theory of relativity.

Fact # 15
75% of all known pulsars have a period of less than a second.
In 1999, Astronomers using the Parkes radio telescope found the pulsar J 2144-3933. This pulsar, which spins only once every eight seconds, defied existing theories on the upper limit for pulsar periods.

Fact # 16
Astronomers using the Parkes radio telescope in conjunction with the 76-metre Lovell
Telescope in England have discovered a possible diamond planet orbiting a newly detected pulsar, PSR J1719-1438 located 4,000 light years away.

Fact # 17

Fact # 18
The first confirmed exoplanets discovered several years before the first detections of exoplanets around “normal” solar-like stars, were found in orbit around a millisecond pulsar, PSR B1257+12.
These planets remained for many years the only Earth-mass objects known outside our solar system. And one of them comparable to that of our Moon in mass, is still today the smallest-mass object known beyond the solar system.

Fact # 19
PSR J1023+0038, is the fastest known millisecond pulsar. It lies 4,000 light years away in the constellation Sextants and spins at a rate of 592 times a second. After discovery in
2007 , the Parkes radio telescope was used to get the first full orbit observations.
Astronomers have long thought that millisecond pulsars are ordinary pulsars “spun up” with the help of an orbiting companion star. The companion dumps matter onto the pulsar, causing it to spin far faster.

Fact # 20
The magnetic axis of a pulsar aligned with the radio beam is usually not aligned with the rotation axis.

Fact # 21
The hard disk drive of a computer rotates at high speed, commonly 7,200 revolutions per minute or 120 revolutions per second. The time to complete one revolution is 8.33 milliseconds. This is similar to the pulsar J1518+0204 which has a period of 7.9 milliseconds and hence rotates slightly quicker at 127 revolutions per second.
period = 8.33 milliseconds period = 7.9 milliseconds

Fact # 22
Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) have rotational periods in the range from 1 to 30 milliseconds. They have been detected in radio, x-ray and gamma ray portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. One theory about their formation is that they begin life as longer period pulsars but are spun up or "recycled" through accretion of a companion star. The transfer of angular momentum from the accretion of the companion can theoretically increase the rotation rate of the pulsar to hundreds of times a second, as is observed in millisecond pulsars.

Fact # 23
Two main types of pulsars
Normal pulsars
• Are quite young, ˂ 10 7 years
• Periods from 0.03 – 10 seconds
• Mostly single (non-binary)
• Formed in supernova
• Magnetic field strength approximately 10 12 gauss
Millisecond pulsars
• Are very old, ˃ 10 9 years
• Periods from 1 – 30 milliseconds
• Mostly binary
• Accretion from companion “spins up” the neutron star to a millisecond pulsar
• Magnetic field strength between 10 8 -10 9 gauss

Fact # 25
The first binary pulsar was discovered by the Parkes radio telescope in 2003. One of the pulsars has a period of 22 milliseconds and the other pulsar has a period of 2.7 seconds.
The orbital period for the binary pulsar system is 2.4 hours.
The is a highly relativistic binary system which is a laboratory for testing Einstein’s general theory of relativity.