Do Due
Do Now #33

If someone asked you what
your were (race, gender,
ethnicity, nationality, etc...) how
would you answer
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List your labels
Due Today

Religion Activity Books
Ethnicity
Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes
RACE VS. ETHNICITY
 Racial group = group that is set apart from others
because of physical differences that have taken on social
significance (Whites, African Americans, Asian
Americans).
 Ethnic Groups = set apart from others primarily because
of its national origin or distinctive cultural
patterns/traditions (Puerto Ricans, Jews, Polish
Americans).
RACE
 Social construction – people define a group as a race based in part
on physical characteristics but also historical, cultural, and
economic factors
 In U.S., when observing skin color, people lump others together into
“Black, White, or Asian”
 Those who have power define racist social structure
 Subtle differences go unnoticed (Ex. He looks Mexican, so he must be Mexican.)
 Racial Formation (Omi & Winant, 1994)
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Reservation system for Native Americans
“One-drop rule” 1800’s
ETHNICITY
(unchangeable)
 Hispanics or Latinos (Puerto Ricans, Mexican
Americans, Cuban Americans)
 Socially constructed physical differences are more visible
than ethnic differences
UNFORTUNATELY, IT
DOES MATTER

Prejudice
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Affirmative Action
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Racism
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Hate Crimes
Exploitation Theory (Marxist
Class Theory)
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Racial Profiling
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Genocide
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Apartheid
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Segregation
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Contact Hypothesis
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Pluralism
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Color-Blind Racism
Discrimination
Glass Ceiling
White Privilege
Institutional Discrimination
 Skin Color
 Not scientific
 The Apartheid in South Africa
 Gets a little Blurry – Hispanics
 Leads to Social Distance- how distant two ethnicities
are from each other
 Ethnocentrism- groups perceived identity is better

Often leads to ethnic conflict
Race
 Does not exist on a scientific level, despite influence of the
idea.

Biological variation is real; the order we impose on this
variation by using the concept of race is not.
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Race is a product of the human mind, not of nature
 The truth is that there is very little fundamental genetic
variety between humans and no way to tell where one
category stops and another begins.
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Most of us are mutts
Race is literally skin deep. There has not been enough time for
much genetic variation
We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.”
Race in the U.S.
• Genetic
Rosa Parks
mixing is so
common and complete that
most geographers dismiss
race as a category since it
can not be clearly tied to
place.
Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910
Dogs Used to Control Protestors, 1957
 Ethnicity- the identity of a group of people who share
the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or
hearth.
What Defines an
“Ethnicity”?
 Factors inherent in human selfhood and the
"psyche"
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home
family
values
relationship styles
foundational beliefs holding a related group of people
together.
 Worldview issues entails
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a common history
customs
sense of oneness
social structures holding the related people together
What is an Ethnic Group?
 An ethnic group is a group of human individuals who
share a common, unique self-identity.
 An ethnic group is also called a “people” or a “people
group.”
 A common technical term for an ethnic group is
“ethnolinguistic.”
Ethnicity
 The “ethno” in “ethnolinguistic” refers to other aspects of
culture that make up “ethnicity.”
 Usually there is a common self-name and a sense of
common identity of individuals identified with the group.
 Some other common ethnic factors that define or
distinguish a people are:
1. a common history,
2. customs,
3. family and clan identities, as well as
4. marriage rules and practices,
5. age-grades and other obligation covenants, and
6. inheritance patterns and rules.
 What they call themselves may vary at different levels of
identity, or among various sub-groups.

The most common ethnicities within the U.S. are African Americans
(Not Africans) and Hispanics/Latinos, about 13% each.
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Others include Asian American (4%) and American Indian (1%).
The fourteen races w/in the U.S., as decided by the Census, are:
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white,
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black-African American-Negro,
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American Indian-Alaska Native,
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Asian Indian,
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Chinese,
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Filipino,
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Japanese,
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Korean,
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Vietnamese,
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Native Hawaiian,
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Guamanian-Chamorro,
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Samoan,
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other Pacific islander,
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other race.
Clustering
 Within a country, clustering of ethnicities may
occur on a regional scale, or within particular
neighborhoods of cities.
 Regional In the U.S., African Americans are clustered in the S.E.,
 Hispanics in the S.W.
 Asians in the West
 Native Americans in the S.W. and Great Plains.
Why?
What are we looking at?
What are we looking at?
What are we looking at?
What are we looking at?
What are we looking at?
Within cities:
 African Americans are highly clustered within
cities, greater than 50% of blacks live within cities.
 Ex- In Detroit, A-A comprise 80% of the pop, but only
one-fourteenth the pop of the rest of Michigan.
 The distribution of Hispanics in northern cities is similar
to that of African Americans, for instance NYC is ¼
Hispanic, but only 1/16th the rest of New York.
 Why are they distributed in this manner?
 Jobs, Comfort, Political interaction
From Concentrate
 Concentration of ethnicities in U.S. cities
 90 percent of African Americans and Hispanics live in cities

Detroit (>50% of state’s African Americans)

Chicago (>50% of the state’s African Americans)
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NYC (>75% of the state’s Hispanics)

Cleveland
 Remnants of 20th century European migration = still evident on
the landscape

Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown
Neighborhoods
 Neighborhoods
 The clustering of ethnicities is especially visible on the
neighborhood level. Such as in Chicago where many of the
immigrants from S. and E. Europe tended to chain migrate to
specific city blocks in such density that certain areas of town
became known for a specific ethnicity.
 descendants of European immigrants are more likely to
retain their ethnic identity through religion, food, and other
cultural traditions rather than through location of residence.

What are some examples in your life? Weddings food, special
events, holidays
 Increasingly the ethnic concentrations in the U.S. are African
Americans from the South, Hispanics, or Asians
Distribution of Ethnicities in Chicago and
Los Angeles
On the Move

African American migration patterns
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1.
2.
3.
Three major migration patterns
Forced migration from Africa (eighteenth century)

The triangular slave trade

sharecropping
Immigration from the South to northern cities (first half of the twentieth
century)
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Pull factors (industry and jobs)
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Identifiable paths of migration
Immigration out of inner cities to other urban areas (second half of the
twentieth century to present)
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The ghetto
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White Flight & Blockbusting
 Racism- the belief that race is the primary determinant
of human traits and capacities and that racial
differences produce an inherent superiority of a
particular race.
 Racist- a person who subscribes to the beliefs of
racism
 Racism or stereotyping can lead to a phenomenon

“White flight” is the rapid fleeing of whites from the cities as
black families emigrate out of the ghettos, or as the ghetto
expands. It was encouraged by blockbusting.
 blockbusting- the real estate practice of scaring whites into
selling their homes at low prices by telling them that blacks
would soon be moving in and causing property values to
fall.

The real estate agents then turned around and sold the
homes at extremely high prices to blacks that were
emigrating from the inner city.

Do you think this still happening today?
 Apartheid- the physical separation of different races
into different geographic areas, i.e. South Africa.
 The apartheid laws were repealed in 1991 in South
Africa, but many years will be needed to erase the
legacy of such racist policies
 E.C.- Invictus
Black “Homelands” in South
Africa
During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black
“homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of
one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.
Why have ethnicities been
transformed into nationalities?
 Nationality- the identity of a group of people who share
legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular
country.
 Self-determination- the concept that ethnicities have the
right to govern themselves.
Nationalities and States
 Nationality - legally it is a term encompassing all the citizens of a
state, but most definitions refer now to an identity with a group
of people who generally occupy a specific territory and bound
together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity,
customs, belief, or legal status.

Such unity rarely exists today within a state today.
 State - a politically organized territory that is administered by a
sovereign government
 Nation-state- a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied
by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a
nationality.

Denmark is an excellent example.
Are there any states that still meet the
definition of nation-state?
Nationalism
the policy or doctrine of asserting
the interests of one's own nation,
viewed as separate from the
interests of other nations.
 As simple patriotism it
helps create national
unity
 When extreme it can
be very dangerous to
minorities and
 Can breed intolerance
of difference and
Others
 Do we see examples in
the U.S. today?
Rwandan
Genocide
What’s the Diffen?
 RACE
 ETHNICITY
Do Due
Do Now #34
• Create and fill in the
diagram modeled below
Race
Ethnicity
Due Today
Not a thing.
What Is Ethnic Cleansing?
• Ethnic cleansing = process in which a more powerful ethnic
group forcibly removes a less powerful group from their
territory
• The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove creating a
homogeneous ethnic nation
• In recent years, most ethnic cleansing has happened in Europe and
Africa
European Cleansing
• Ethnic cleansing in Europe
• Largest forced migration = 1939–1945
• Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by Nazis
Millions of Europeans migrated after WWII because of boundary changes.
• The breakup of Yugoslavia
• Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
• Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo
• Balkanization: the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its
ethnicities
• AKA: Shatterbelt
Balkanization
The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
The Balkans in 1914
June 1914, WWI begins
when heir to AustriaHungary throne is
assassinated by a Serb
who favored Bosnian
independence.
Yugoslavia is created
after WWI by the allies,
uniting several Balkan
ethnicities speaking
similar South Slavic
languages.
Josip Broz Tito
governed Yugoslavia
from 1953-1980.
7 Neighbors
6 Republics
5 Nationalities
4 Off. Languages
3 Major Religions
2 Alphabets
1 Dinar (currency)
Bosnia & Herzegovina,
Croatia, Macedonia,
Montenegro, Serbia,
and Slovenia
Destruction of Yugoslavia
• Ethnic rivalries resurface after Tito’s death 1980
• Countries broke away and ethnicities fought to redefine
boundaries.
• Bosnia
• 48% Bosnian Muslim, 37% Serb, 14% Croat
• Serbs and Croats engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims
• Make the regions more ethnically pure in order to join Serbia and
Croatia (irredentism)
• 1996 accords, Serbs get ½ of land, Croats got ¼, Muslims got ¼
Destruction of Yugoslavia (cont.)
• Kosovo, Serbia
•
•
•
•
•
Province of Kosovo 90% Albanian
Serbia launched campaign of ethnic cleansing of Albanians
Forced 750,000 Albanians from their homes by 1999
U.S and NATO launched air attack
Serbia withdrew troops and Kosovo gained independence in 2008
Ethnic Changes in Yugoslavia
WINK
This is the map set you will use for your 4LA due next class
The file is available on my site
Stari Most bridge in
Bosnia &
Herzegovina
destroyed in 1993
and rebuilt in 2004
If peace comes to the Balkans,
it will be because in a tragic
way, ethnic cleansing
“worked?”
Other Balkanized
Regions (?)
• Multi-ethnic state- a state that contains more
than one ethnicity.
• Multinational states- multi-ethnic states that
contain two ethnic groups with traditions of
self-rule that agree to coexist peacefully.
• The United Kingdom is an example.
• The Soviet Union was the largest multinational
state until is fall in the early 1990s; it consisted of
15 different republics based on its largest
ethnicities.
• Now Russia is the largest multinational state,
with 39 nationalities.
Republics of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union
consisted of 15
republics that
included the
country’s largest
ethnic groups.
These all became
independent
countries in the early
1990s
Ethnic Groups in Russia
Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which
are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.
39 Recognized Ethnic Groups
Ethnicities in
the
Caucasus
The Caucasus region is extremely
diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups
are spread across several national
boundaries.
Major Tribes in Iraq
How can a single nation be
built out of a land with so many
groups that think of themselves
as separate entities?
Ethnicities of Afghanistan, Iran and
Iraq
Ethnic
formal
culture
regions
The 56 Ethnicities of China
Han Chinese
Zhuang
Manchu
Hui (Chinese
Muslims)
Miao
Uyghur
Yi
Tujia
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Mongolian
Tibetan
Buyei
Dong
Yao
Korean
Bai
Akha
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Li
Kazak
Dai
She
Lisu
Gelao
Lahu
Dongxiang
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Va
Shui
Nakhi
Qiang
Tu
Xibe
Mulao
Kyrgyz
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Daur
Jingpo
Salar
Blang
Maonan
Tajik
Pumi
Achang
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Nu
Ewenki
Vietnamese
Jino
De'ang
Uzbeks
Russian
Yugur
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Bonan
Monba
Oroqen
Derung
Tatars
Hezhen
Lhoba
Taiwanese
Aborigina
l People
Why do ethnicities clash?
• Often the cause of violence is when different
ethnicities compete to rule the same region
or nationality.
• Especially common in sub-Saharan Africa, where
the superimposed boundaries of the Europeans
colonies poorly coincide with the thousands of
ethnicities.
• The Horn of Africa has been the site of many
ethnic disturbances: Ethiopia and Eritrea, Sudan,
Somalia, etc.
African Cleansing
• Ethnic cleansing in central Africa
• Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups
• Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi destabilizes the region of
Rwanda
• Ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda
• Refugees spill into neighboring countries
• Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war
Is there any solution to this?
Ethnic Division
• The other main source of ethnic violence occurs
when ethnicities are divided among more than
one state.
• Such as in S. Asia where the British divided their
former colony into Pakistan and India. (East Pakistan
became Bangladesh after 1971)
• As a result of the partition, millions of Hindus had to migrate
from the Pakistans, and Muslims had to migrate from India.
• During the course of the migrations, many adherents were
killed by members of the opposite religion.
• These issues can lead to Ethnic cleansing
Food Assignment (extra credit)
Bring in a dish that has significance to our unit on Cultural
Patterns and Processes
On an index card...
1. Name of Huggies (no more than 2 per food item)
2. Name of dish
3. What culture and region does your food originate from?
4. Does it have any “unique” ingredients to the culture?
5. How is the dish significant to this unit?
There is no hand out for this, copy it down or take a picture
DO DUE
DO NOW #35
• Make yourself a priority
list of anything that you
still have pending from
Unit 3 (2015)
DUE TODAY
• KI7
• 4LA
• Food Assignment
(extra credit)
HOMEWORK
Due January 5/6
 Winter Break Assignment
 Summative
See handout
Note!!
You may not use a movie that you’ve seen before.
FOOD AND FLEX
Take the remainder of the class to work on your priority list and enjoy any of the food
assignments that have been brought in like civilized Huggies.
DO DUE
Do Now #36
 How have you been studying
for the APHUG exams?
Due Today
 Inner Peace
3 THINGS
 All you have on your agenda to are 2 things
1. Peruse the Religion Activity Books and build yourself a nice
complete set of notes in you Religion Profile Packet.
2. Study for Unit 3 Exam next class.
3. Find inner peace.
DO DUE
Do Now #37
 UNIT III EXAM
Due Today
 Winter Break Assignment
EXAM