World War I
Chapter 22
Roosevelt Foreign Policy
• How did Roosevelt deal with issues in the
following areas?
1. China (John Hay and Open Door Policy,
Boxer Rebellion)
2. Latin America (Panama Canal and HayBunau-Varilla Treaty, Roosevelt Corollary
and “Big Stick” Diplomacy)
3. Japan (Russo-Japanese War and Treaty of
Portsmouth, Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great
White Fleet, Root-Takahira Agreement)
Diplomacy in China
The Open Door Policy (John Hay) in 1899 opens trade with
China and other imperial powers
Xenophobia (fear of foreigners) led to Chinese attacking
Europeans in the Boxer Rebellion put down by the alliance of
nations controlling China
Open Door Notes
John Hay and
China in 1915
Hay’s second round of notes stated the commitment of the US to
preserve China and restore trade with it
Panama Canal
The US wanted to build a canal through Panama so they encouraged
a Panama revolution against Colombia (who refused to allow US to
build it) and signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty and HayPauncefote Treaty (with Britain) to dig the canal
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt promised to protect Latin American countries against
European powers, justifying the sending of forces into those countries as
well as his “big stick” diplomacy (aggressive)
Russo-Japanese War
Russia and Japan rivaled for territory and Roosevelt influenced peace at
the Treaty of Portsmouth (which helped the US economic trade with
both) – it made Japan angry because they were winning
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Friction between Japan
and US continued, mainly
due to discrimination laws
against JapaneseAmericans in California
The US agreed to stop
California’s
discrimination in return
for Japan limiting the
amount of immigration to
the US
Japanese Relations
Other events that affected Japan under Roosevelt was:
1) Building the Great White Fleet – demonstration of US naval
power sent on a cruise around the world, ending in Tokyo Bay
2) Root-Takahira Agreement – pledged mutual respect of land
acquired in the Pacific and support of the Open Door policy in
China
Taft and Wilson Foreign Policy
• How successful was Taft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy” and how did Congress combat
the idea? (Lodge Corollary)
• What were the main events in Wilson
attempt at using “Moral Diplomacy” as his
foreign policy? (Jones Act, Conciliation
Treaties)
• How did the events in the Mexican
Revolution force Wilson to change his
“Moral Diplomacy” stance? (Huerta,
Carranza, Pancho Villa, John J. Pershing)
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
- Designed by Taft to gain money for the US
through trade by supporting American enterprises
abroad
1) China – Taft secured American participation in the
building of railroads in China
2) Nicaragua – Sent in marines to protect American
investments
3) The Lodge Corollary – Opposed by Taft but
passed through Congress, it kept Japan (and other
non-Europeans) from taking territory in the
Western Hemisphere – angers Japan and Latin
America
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
-
Wilson’s “New Freedom” speeches stated that he opposed
imperialism and the diplomacies of the Republicans, and he
made the following changes:
1) Jones Act of 1916 – granted territorial status, a bill of rights,
and eventual independence to the Philippines
2) US Citizenship to Puerto Ricans and limited self-government
3) Repealed act allowing US ships to go through Panama Canal
without paying the canal tolls
4) Conciliation Treaties – negotiate treaties between nations
through international commissions
Mexican Revolution
Wilson’s diplomatic
morals took a back seat
when dealing with
Mexico and General
Huerta, whose
dictatorship took over
from Diaz
Diaz, Huerta, and
Carranza
Wilson sent arms to his
rival Carranza, who
defeated Huerta but
was challenged by
Pancho Villa, who led
raids into the US,
forcing Pershing to
pursue him into Mexico
Global Involvement
The pre-World War I events showed that the US was:
1) Willing to be involved in foreign affairs and keep order
2) Encouraging of governments that were friendly towards
the US and ruthless to those that weren’t
3) Interested in protecting economic interests around the
world
Reporting Foreign Policy
• Choose a foreign policy event and:
1) Create a newspaper article describing
the event as it relates to other events around it.
Use at least 5 specific terms.
2) Create a political cartoon comparing
the event to other foreign policy events during
this time. Refer to at least 5 other specific
terms.
Causes of WWI and Tensions
• What actions caused the beginning of
WWI? (Alliances – Allies and Central
Powers, Archduke Franz Ferdinand)
• Though the US was neutral, what tensions
occurred between the US and Germany?
(U-Boats, Lusitania and Sussex,
“Preparedness” and National Defense Act)
• What stance did Wilson take towards WWI
in the election of 1816 and what was the
result? (“He Kept Us Out of War”)
Causes of WWI – The Balkans
Causes: Military Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (especially in
the Balkans)
Leads to two sides: Allies (Britain, France, Russia) and Central
Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
US declares neutrality
World War I Alliances
Military alliances
(green = allies
and yellow =
central
powers)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Austria
The war began when Serbians assassinated Archduke Ferdinand and
Austria declared war (then other countries joined in)
The US Road to War
Tensions between
Germany and the US
were caused by:
1) Link to Britain and
France
2) Sub Warfare – sinking
of Lusitania, Sussex,
and Arabic
3) “Preparedness” and
defense spending
increase
4) Anti-German
propaganda
Election of 1916
Despite the
growing signs of
war, Wilson
campaigned on
the slogan “He
Kept us Out of
War” and his
peace campaign
along with his aid
to Western and
Southern farmers
won him the
election
Declaring War and War Agencies
• What factors led to the Declaration of War
in 1917? (Zimmerman Telegram, Russian
Revolution)
• What new agencies were created to help
organize the war effort and what did they
do? (Selective Service Act and IQ Tests,
WIB, Food Administration, US Railroad
Administration, NWLB)
Zimmerman
Telegram
Wilson eventually
convinced
Congress to
declare war due
to:
1) Shaping the postwar world
2) Breaking
relations w/
Germany due to
U-Boat attacks
3) Russian
Revolution
4) Zimmerman
Telegram
Military Home Front
The military increased with the
Selective Service Act and the War
Department (set up a draft and did
IQ tests), and set up segregated
units to go fight in the war
The Draft Card
The Wartime Economy
War agencies at first
went towards supplies
for war (War Industries
Board, Food
Administration, Fuel
Administration) and
helped workers get
concessions (better
wages, 8 hour day)
As the war progressed,
the economy boomed
as production increased
War Propaganda and Dissenters
• How did Wilson encourage propaganda use
throughout the war? (William McAdoo and
Liberty Bonds, George Creel and CPI,
American Protective League)
• How did dissenters put up resistance against
the war? (Bryan, Addams, Rankin, Debs)
• How did Wilson deal with dissenters?
(Espionage and Sedition Acts, Schenck v.
US)
Funding and Support for War
Wilson set up the following to support the war funding and
propaganda:
1) William McAdoo – Secretary of Treasury sells war bonds
called “Liberty Bonds” to fund war (nearly 2/3 of war
funded by bonds
2) George Creel – Committee on Public Information
(CPI) created ads to promote American values and antiGerman propaganda (the American Protection League, a
part of this, created “Hate the Hun” posters)
William McAdoo – Funding the
War
WWI Propaganda – George Creel
War Advertising – Anti-German
Suppressing War Opposition
War dissenters were the
peaceful progressives and
anti-imperialists (Bryan,
Addams, Rankin) as well
as Socialists (Eugene V.
Debs, who campaigned
from prison)
The Espionage and
Sedition Acts were passed
to imprison people who
spoke out against the war
and upheld by the court
case Schenck v. US
(necessary and proper
clause)
Areas Affected by War
• Explain the effect of war on the different
aspects of society:
1. Industry and Workers
2. African-Americans
3. Women (19th Amendment)
4. Health (Influenza Epidemic)
5. Progressivism
Effects of World War I
1) American economy boomed, so farmers and workers have
income rise significantly
2) Thousands of workers go to the cities to take industrial jobs,
results in shortages of housing and schools (many of them
Mexicans and African-Americans)
3) Reduced European immigration to the US (hard to travel)
4) African-Americans move North to avoid segregation laws, run
into discrimination in the North and race riots
5) Women receive the vote (19th Amendment) and gain jobs during
the war, but lose jobs to men coming home after the war
1918 Influenza Pandemic
The worldwide influenza epidemic kills 30 million, harming US army
camps and eventually US cities (as soldiers returned with it)
World War I and Progressivism
Helps Progressivism:
1) Increases Prohibition argument – 18th Amendment is passed
and there is propaganda against alcohol (most of which is
German)
2) Anti-Prostitution campaign – to uphold a moral standing
during the war
3) Helps progressives with labor issues
Hurts Progressivism:
1) Progress is stifled – fewer changes are made once war starts
2) Changing focus – less money to progressive activity, more
towards the war
World War I Battles and Armistice
• What were the turning points of World War
I and how was the US involved? (AEF,
Marne River, Argonne Forest)
• What was Wilson’s idea of an armistice
with Germany and how did that differ with
the eventual Treaty of Versailles? (Fourteen
Point Plan, David Lloyd George, Georges
Clemenceau, Vittorio Orlando, Rhineland,
League of Nations)
The American Expeditionary Force
The AEF replaced
the Russians on the
battlefield just in
time, as the
Germans made their
push
They halted the
German advance at
the Marne River
and helped the
Allied offensive
through the
Argonne Forest
Wilson’s Fourteen Point Plan
Wilson insisted
on “peace
without victory”
and came up with
a plan to
peacefully shape
the new world,
which included:
-Selfdetermination
-Free trade
-Reduced arms
-League of
Nations
Versailles Peace Conference
The peace conference in Versailles, however, did not approve of
Wilson’s vision (except for the League of Nations) and proceeded to
blame Germany for the war (stripping it of colonies, paying money,
giving up territory to independent nations)
The Aftermath at Home
• How did the Senate respond to the Treaty of
Versailles and what was Wilson’s reaction?
(Irreconcilables and Reservationists)
• What post-war events were behind the
hysteria in the late 1910s? (Chicago Race
Riots, Strikes of 1919, Red Scare and the
Palmer Raids)
The League of Nations
Wilson included only Democrats in his trip to Versailles, which was a
political mistake as he tried to sell the League of Nations to his own
Senate (made up of irreconcilables and reservationists) – Lodge and his
Republicans blocked Wilson, who was unwilling to compromise and
attempted to gain public support with a national tour that left him tired
and defeated (so the US did not become part of the League of Nations)
Post-War Events
1) Race riots in Chicago – housing problems with returning soldiers
2) Labor strikes of 1919 – public fears socialist revolution (Russia)
3) “Red Scare” – labor strikes lead to unrest and unexplained
incidents, prompting Mitchell Palmer to begin the Palmer Raids
(gathering information on Radicals and arresting or deporting them)
– it faded as Palmer lost credibility while hunting down communists