Agenda
• Bell ringer
• Review the Crusades
• The Sui
Review
• What were the causes of the Crusades?
• What were the impacts of the Crusades on
western Europe?
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional
Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: INNER AND
EAST ASIA (600-1200)
Objectives
• Describe the development of China after the
fall of the Han dynasty.
• Identify accomplishments of the Sui dynasty.
• Identify accomplishments of the Tang dynasty.
• Describe the fall of the Tang dynasty.
Essential Questions
• How did China develop after the fall of the
Han dynasty?
• What are some accomplishments of the Sui
dynasty?
• What are some accomplishments of the Tang
dynasty?
• How did political problems and rebellions lead
to the fall of the Tang dynasty?
Target: Sui and Tang Empires (581755)
• Several centuries of fragmentation after fall of
Han.
• Reunified under Sui dynasty (581-615).
– New capital Chang’an.
– Heartland in northern China, settlements along
Yangzi.
– Grand Canal, irrigation systems, improved Great Wall.
– Bureaucracy and resources for public works and
military ambition = burdens.
Map 11-1, p. 286
• Tang (Li) Dynasty (618)
– Li Shimin (r. 626-649) extended power westward
into Inner Asia.
– Used many Sui governing practices, but avoided
overcentralization.
– Descended from Turkic elites that built small
states in northern China after the Han.
• Appreciated pastoral, nomadic culture and Chinese
traditions.
• Buddhism
– Used in politics.
– Kings and emperors – turn humankind into a
harmonious Buddhist society.
– Mahayana (“Great Vehicle”) Buddhism predominated.
• Encouraged translating Buddhist scripture into local
languages.
• Adaptability invigorated travel, language learning, cultural
exchange.
• Monastic leaders prayed for early Tang princes in exchange
for tax exemptions, land privileges, and gifts.
• As the Tang Empire expanded west, contacts
with Central Asia and India increased, as did
Buddhist influence
– Chang’an became center of continent wide system
of communication
– Regional cultures and identities remained strong.
– Cosmopolitan empire
– Well-maintained roads and water transport
connected Chang’an to coastal towns of south
China.
• Grand Canal was key component.
• Center of the tributary system – independent countries
acknowledged supremacy of the Chinese emperor.
• Upheavals and Repression (750-879)
– Conflict with Tibetans and Turkic Uighurs.
• Result – backlash against foreigners, which to
Confucians included Buddhists.
– Undermined idea of family as model for state, encouraged
women in politics.
– Cut ties with the world
» Ex. tax exempt.
• Fall of the Tang (879-907)
– An Lushan and other rebellions
p. 291
Essential Questions
• How did China develop after the fall of the
Han dynasty?
• What are some accomplishments of the Sui
dynasty?
• What are some accomplishments of the Tang
dynasty?
• How did political problems and rebellions lead
to the fall of the Tang dynasty?
Agenda
Review
• How did China develop after the fall of the
Han dynasty?
• What are some accomplishments of the Sui
dynasty?
• What are some accomplishments of the Tang
dynasty?
• How did political problems and rebellions lead
to the fall of the Tang dynasty?
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional
Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE EMERGENCE
OF EAST ASIA (600-1200)
Objectives
• Describe how the Liao and Jin Empires
challenged Song China.
• Identify accomplishments of the Song Empire.
• Evaluate the role of women in the Song
Empire.
Essential Questions
• How did the Liao and Jin Empires challenge
Song China?
• What were some accomplishments of the
Song Empire?
• What was the role of women in the Song
Empire?
Target: The Emergence of East Asia (to
1200)
• Three new states after the fall of the Tang.
– Liao Empire of the Khitan people – pastoral
nomads related to Mongols.
• Mayahana Buddhism
– Minyak people – cousins of the Tibetans
established Tanggut.
• Tibetan Buddhism
– Song Empire (960) in central China.
• Confucianism
• Advanced seafaring and sailing technologies.
Map 11-2, p. 292
• The Liao and Jin Challenge (916-1125)
– Liao Empire of the Khitan people
•
•
•
•
Horse and cattle breeders, related to Mongols.
Military strength.
Encouraged people to keep their culture.
Song emperor paid cash and silk annually.
– Jin
• Allied with Song, destroyed Liao Empire.
• Grew rice, millet, and wheat. Hunted, fished, tended
livestock.
• Khitan military strategies and political organization.
• Campaigned against the Song in 1127.
Map 11-3, p. 293
• Southern Song (1127-1279)
– Payments to Jin stopped more warfare.
– South of the Yellow River, capital at Hangzhou.
– Closer to industrial revolution than any other
premodern state.
– Advances in technology, medicine, astronomy,
mathematics from Tang times.
• Adapted to meet military, agricultural, and
administrative needs.
– Fractions describe phases of the moon.
p. 294
• Precise calendar.
• Refined the compass, now suitable for
seafaring (1090).
• Junk – large flatbottom sailing ship.
• Fought for control of mines in north China –
needed iron and steel for weapons.
• Gunpowder to counter cavalry assaults.
• Economy and Society in Song China
– Civil pursuits were important
• Private academies for official examinations
• Neo-Confucianism – basis for Song rule
– Moral and social responsibility.
– Sage was important.
– Popular Buddhist sects persisted.
– Civil service examinations continued. Recruited
talent, but wealthy had advantage.
• Early form of moveable type made printing
cheaper.
– Exam prep books before 1000 = more members of
lower class in bureaucracy
– Landlords learned expert planting and irrigation
techniques.
• Population above 100 million during the
1100s.
– Health and overcrowding.
• Credit – “flying money” based on acceptance that
paper could be redeemed for coinage.
• Government-issued paper money caused inflation
• Tax farming as revenue for maintenance of
infrastructure.
– Selling rights to tax collection to individuals.
– Heavy burden on the common people.
• Rapid economic growth undermined government
regulation.
– Merchants, artisans, gentry, and officials could make
fortunes.
– Traditional social hierarchy weakened.
• Women experienced subordination, legal
disenfranchisement, and social restriction.
–
–
–
–
–
Wives of merchants managed homes and businesses.
Property passed to husband. Could not remarry.
Subordination compatible with Confucianism.
Literate lower-class women aspired to improve status.
Footbinding (Tang then Song) as status symbol.
• Working women and those indigenous of the south did not
practice – more mobility and economic independence.
p. 296
Essential Questions
• How did the Liao and Jin Empires challenge
Song China?
• What were some accomplishments of the
Song Empire?
• What was the role of women in the Song
Empire?
Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Bell ringer
Primary source analysis
Review emergence of East Asia
New kingdoms in East Asia and Southeast Asia
Closure
Review
• How did the Liao and Jin Empires challenge
Song China?
• What were some accomplishments of the
Song Empire?
• What was the role of women in the Song
Empire?
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional
Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NEW KINGDOMS
IN EAST ASIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
Objectives
• Describe how Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
adapted Chinese cultural and political models.
• Identify the principal sources of wealth in
Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
• Describe foreign influence on Srivijaya.
Essential Questions
• How did Korea, Japan, and Vietnam adapt
Chinese cultural and political models?
• What were the principal sources of wealth in
Korea, Japan, and Vietnam?
• Where did foreign influence on Srivijaya come
from and what were those influences?
Map 11-3, p. 293
Target: New Kingdoms in Asia and
Southeast Asia
• Chinese influences
– Korea, Japan, and Vietnam had first centralized power
under ruling houses in the early Tang.
• State ideologies resembled early Tang.
• Government offices did not depend on exams, went to
nobles.
• Landowners faced no challenges from merchant class or
urban elite.
• Learned men prized literacy in classical Chinese and
knowledge of Confucian texts.
• Ruling and landholding elites south to instill Confucian ideals
of hierarchy and harmony among the general population.
Where is Korea?
• Korea
– Qin Empire established its first colony in the
Korean peninsula in the third century BCE.
– Chinese bureaucrats began documenting Korean
history and customs.
– Horse breeding, strong hereditary elites,
shamanism (belief in ability of certain people to
contact ancestors and invisible spirit world).
– Quickly absorbed Confucianism and Buddhism.
• Geography
– Mountains in the east and north.
– Heavily forested until modern times.
– Less than 20% of the land can be cultivated and
lies mostly to the south (warm climate, monsoon
rains).
– Spread of languages promoted by population
movements to Manchuria, Mongolia, Siberia, and
Japan.
• Sixth century – landholding families made
inherited status permanent in Silla.
– Silla controlled much of the Korean peninsula.
• Koryo ruling house in power from 900s-1200s.
– Supported Buddhism.
• Oldest surviving woodblock print in Chinese
characters comes from Korea in the middle
700s.
– Experimented with movable type.
Where is Japan?
• Japan
– Geography
• Four main islands, many smaller ones.
• More mountainous and heavily forested than Korea in
early times. 11% of land could be cultivated.
• Mild winters and monsoon rains supported early
population center on the coastlands of the Inland Sea.
• First rulers to extend power broadly were based in
Yamato River Basin.
• Ring of Fire
• Yamato Regime
– Method of unification remains a question, but
horse-riding warriors from Korea may have played
central role.
– Legal code, official variety of Confucianism, official
reverence for Buddhism blended with local
recognition of indigenous and immigrant
chieftains as territorial administrators.
– Within a century, centralized government with
complex system of law existed.
• Women from the aristocracy became royal consorts
and linked their kinsmen with the royal court.
• Used Chinese building techniques, surpassed Chinese
in Buddhist studies during 8th century.
• Cities built without walls (no constant warfare),
Mandate of Heaven played no role in government.
– The tenno (emperor) belonged to a family believed to have
ruled Japan since the beginning of time.
– Prime ministers and leaders of native religion had real
control.
– Zenith of Nara by 750.
• 794 – central government moved to Kyoto, usually
called Heian.
– Fujiwara clan had much power, supported Confucianism.
• Warriors had local government, policing, and tax responsibilities.
• Did not encourage education for women, noblewomen lived in
isolation (studied culture and Buddhism).
• Kamakura Shogunate gained power in eastern Honshu
during warfare with rival clans.
– Military values increasingly important from 1156-1185.
– Nobles and emperor hurried to accommodate new
warlords.
– New warrior class – samurai.
p. 300
Where is Vietnam?
• Vietnam
– Coastal regions east of the mountainous spine of mainland
Southeast Asia.
– Economic and political life centered on the fertile Red
River in the north and the Mekong in the south.
– Rice-based agriculture well suited for integration with
southern China.
– Wet climate, hilly terrain demanded expertise in irrigation.
– Adopted Confucian bureaucratic training, Mahayana
Buddhism.
– Called Annam by the Chinese, assumed name Dai Viet in
936, good relations with Song China.
• Champa, in south Vietnam, rivaled Dai Viet state.
– Strongly influenced by India and Malay Peninsula
with maritime networks of trade and communication.
– Fought with Dai Viet during Tang period, but both
kingdoms cooperated with Song.
– Champa rice brought to Song court as gift.
•
•
•
•
Confucian values.
Did not adopt footbinding.
In Korea, women played role in property.
Annamese women had higher status than women
in China, participated in wet-rice cultivation.
• Srivijaya
– South of the zone of Confucian influence, all-sea route
between east and west had developed by the 6th
century.
– Merchants from south India and Sri Lanka sailed
through Strait of Malacca and into South China Sea.
– Srivijaya, Sanskrit for “Great Conquest,” dominated
this new route by 683.
– Assumed control of the international trade route by
bringing four distinct ecological zones under its
control.
• First zone – agricultural plain along Musi River in Sumatra was core
area.
– King and clerks, judge, and tax collectors controlled this zone directly
from Palembang, the capital.
• Second zone – upland regions of Sumatra’s interior, control less
direct.
– Local rulers bound to center by oaths of loyalty, elaborate court
ceremonies, and sharing of profits from trade.
• Third zone – river ports that had been Srivijaya’s main rivals.
Srivijaya allied with neighboring sea nomads, pirates who served as
Srivjayan navy in return for steady income to control these.
• Fourth zone – fertile “rice bowl” on central plain of the nearby
island of Java.
– Volcanic soil allows it to house and feed the majority of the presentday Indonesian population.
• Srivijayan king presented himself as a
bodhisattva.
– Was believed to have magical powers.
– Built and patronized Buddhist monasteries and
schools.
• Encouraged Sanskrit learning.
• After decline in 11th century, Theravada
Buddhism prevailed.
Essential Questions
• How did Korea, Japan, and Vietnam adapt
Chinese cultural and political models?
• What were the principal sources of wealth in
Korea, Japan, and Vietnam?
• Where did foreign influence on Srivijaya come
from and what were those influences?