Blood and Endocrine
By: Zulheyk Rios
Diana Orozco
Yanira Arce
What is the Endocrine System?
Basic Functions
Regulates hormonal secretions for..
● Bone growth
● Puberty
● Tissue Function
● Metabolism
● Sexual Function
● Reproduction
● Sleep
Endocrine Gland
● Mood
Cells
“Endocrine” means “internal secretion”
● the secreted substances are called hormones
● Target cells :any cell that has a specific receptor for
an antigen or antibody or hormone
Endocrine Glands
secrete their products,
hormones, directly into the blood
rather than through a duct.
Exocrine Glands
secretions enter tubes or ducts
that lead to body surfaces, they
are released externally
Paracrine Secretions
Autocrine Secretions
A “local hormone” which enters
the interstitial fluid but affect only
neighboring cells
A “local hormone” which enters
the interstitial fluid but affect only
the secreting cell itself
Breaking Down the Action of a Hormone
Non-Steroid Hormones
Steroid Hormones
●
●
ex) amine,peptide, or
protein
● has both binding cites and
an activity cites
● derived from the amino acid
tyrosine
● most glands it is secreted
from are
➢ parathyroid gland
➢ anterior/posterior pituitary
gland
➢ hypothylmus
●
all diffuse
into
bloodstream
and are
carried to
body parts
●
●
●
●
ex) aldosterone from adrenal
glands
they are lipids that include
complex rings of carbon and
hydrogen atoms
derives form cholesterol
include sex hormones
ex)testoterone and estrogen
from adrenal cortex
insoluble in lipids and water
Sequence of
Steroid
Action
Hormone
Sequence of
Non-Steroid
Action
Hormone
Up Down Regulation
● The control of hormone secretion is important to keep
homeostasis.
● The endocrine gland must regulate the concentrations
of secretion and when to release it
Positive feedback : usually i
reproductive systems, phase
with augmenting the input
Negative feedback : feedback in
opposite phase with decreasing
input
Hormone Secretion is Controlled
in Three Ways
1. Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary gland’s
release of tropic hormones which signals other
endocrine glands to release hormones
1. The nervous system stimulate some gland directly
1. Then other glands take commands to change
composition in the internal environment
Basic Location and Function on Major
Endocrine glands
Pituitary Gland
What hormones does it secrete?
the anterior lobe secretes..
● GH
● TSH
● ACTH
● FSH
● LH
● PRL
● ADH
● OT
What overall functions does it perform?
● It makes and releases a bunch of
hormones that control other glands
and body functions
● helps you grow big by producing
growth hormone.
Hypothalamus
What hormones does it secrete?
hormones produced in the hypothalamus ..
● corticotrophin● dopamine
● somatostatin
● gonadotrophin● thyrotrophin-.
● anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin
What overall functions does it perform?
● Links nervous system to endocrine
system via the pituitary gland
● maintains homeostasis
Pineal Gland
What hormones does it secrete?
synthesized from serotonin
● melatonin
What overall functions does it perform?
● which helps maintain circadian rhythm
● regulate reproductive hormones
Parathyroid Gland
What hormones does it secrete?
● parathyroid hormone or parathormone
What overall functions does it perform?
● increases blood calcium ion
concentration
● decreases blood phosphate ion
concentration
Thyroid Gland
What hormones does it secrete?
● throxine (aka T4) tetraiodothyronine
● triiodothyronine (T3)
● calcitonin
What overall functions does it perform?
● influences blood concentration of
calcium and phosphate ions
● controls metabolism rate of
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
● increase the rate at which cells release
energy from carbohydrates
● enhance rate of protein synthesis
● stimulates growth
● stimulates activity in nervous system
Thymus
What hormones does it secrete?
● thymosin
What overall functions does it perform?
● promotes production and maturation of
white blood cells
Adrenal Gland
What hormones does it secrete?
● adrenaline
● noradrenaline
What overall functions does it perform?
● increases heart rate
● force cardiac muscle contraction
● elevate blood pressure
● increase breathing rate
● decrease digestive activity
Kidneys
What hormones does it secrete?
● Erythropoietin (EPO)
● Calcitriol
What overall functions does it perform?
● acts on bone marrow to increase the
production of red blood cells
● enables more oxygen flow to skeletal
muscles
● the cells of the intestine to promote the
absorption of calcium and phosphate
from food
● bone to mobilize calcium from the
bone to the blood
Pancreas
What hormones does it secrete?
● insulin
● glucagon
What overall functions does it perform?
● an exocrine function: converts excess
gluclose into glycogen in liver
● endocrine function: that stimulates the
liver to from glycogen from gluclose
and inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into gluclose
**largest endocrine gland**
Ovaries
What hormones does it secrete?
● oestrogen
● progesterone
What overall functions does it perform?
● controls ovulation
● prepares uterus lining
Testes
What hormones does it secrete?
● Testerone
What overall functions does it perform?
● controls sperm production
Introduction to blood
● As, the heart beats, it pumps blood
through a system of blood vessels, called
the circulatory system.
● There are 3 main types of blood vessels:
* Arteries- carries oxygen-rich
blood away from the heart to all of the
body’s tissues
* Capillaries - connects the
arteries and veins; allows oxygen, nutrients,
carbon dioxide, and waste products to pass
to and from their tissue cells.
* Veins- takes oxygen-poor
blood back to the heart.
Functions of the Blood
● Transportation
The transportation of the blood in the body is responsible
for transporting:
-Nutrients
-hormones produced by the glands of the endocrine
system
-waste products
Protection and Regulation
● Protection
-Through the different blood
components it protects the body from the
threat of infections and diseases.
● Regulation
- Helps maintain body temperature
-Controls the concentration of
Hydrogen ions in the body (pH balance)
-Controls blood pressure
Blood Components
Blood is made up of four main
components:
● Red Blood Cells
● White Blood Cells
● Platelets
● Plasma
Red Blood Cells ( Erythrocytes)
● Function
-Carries oxygen
-Removes Carbon Dioxide from
your body, and transports it to your lungs
for you to exhale
-Controls the pH of the blood by
acting as acid-base buffer
● Structure
-Contains hemoglobin,
responsible for the oxygen carrying
capacity
LIfe Cycle of a RBC
● Life Cycle
● Erythrocytes are produced through a process called
erythropoiesis
● They develop from stem cells in bone marrow into
mature erythrocytes in about seven days
● They live in the blood circulation for about 100 to 120
days
White Blood Cells ( Leukocytes)
● Produced in Bone Marrow
● Stored in Blood & Lymphatic
tissues
● Essential for good health
and protection against
illness and disease
● Destroys harmful substances
● Prevents illnesses
Types of Leukocytes
● Monocytes- Helps break down
bacteria
● Lymphocytes- Creates antibodies
to defend against bacteria and
viruses
● Neutrophils- Kills and digests
bacteria and fungi
● Basophils- help control the body’s
immune response
● Eosinphils- attacks and kills
parasites
Platelets
● Smallest blood cell
● Stops bleeding by producing blood clots
Disorders of Platelets
● Too Many
- Thrombocythaemia (ET)
-High risk of blood clots
-Bleeding
● Too Few
-Thrombocytopenia
- Unusual Bleeding
- Unexplained Bruising
Plasma
● Plasma is the liquid portion of blood● 92 % water, allows blood to flow freely through
blood vessels
● Acts as a solvent for important proteins, nutrients,
electrolytes and gases.
● Carries RBC, WBC, and Platelets
Hematopoiesis
● process of cell production, multiplication, and specialization in the bone
marrow
1) Kidneys :produce a hormone known as erythropoeitin (EPO), which is
carried in the blood to the bone marrow where it stimulates the
production of red blood cells.
a. originates in red bone marrow
I.found in...
-Flat bones of pelvis, skull, ribs,sternum
-Proximal epiphysis of humerus, femur
2.)begins with hemocytoblast...
Continued...
Erythropoiesis
● Process of creating red blood cells
1. Kidneys
a.release erythropoietin
2. Red bone marrow
a.hemocytoblast
Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Clotting
EXTRINSIC
INTRINSIC
Damage to tissue outside the vessel
Damage to the blood vessel
Tissue thromboplastin
cascade of clotting factors
factor X activated
factor x activated
prothrombin (in presence of calcium ion)
becomes thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes a reaction that
fragments fibrinogen
Thrombin also activates factor XIII,
strengthening fibrin threads
= blood clot
Clotting components
1.)platelets
a. Start plugging
2.) Clotting Factors
a.) reinforce platelets
3.)Fibrin
a.) acts like glue
4.) Other cells (red and white)
a.) support clot
● clot is created
● Clotting components remain here until the site is healed
● once its no longer needed, body disolves it
ABO blood groups
Depending on antigen types:
● A : antigen A & anti-B antibody
● B : antigen B & anti-A antibody
● AB : antigen A and B & neither antibody
● O : neither antigen A or B & both
Anti-A and anti-B antibody
Blood Transfusions
Rh Blood
Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on
the surface of red blood cells
● If your blood has the protein its Rh positive
●
vise versa
About 15% of Us population is Rh- negative
Bibliography
● Dowshen, Steven MD, ed. "Your Endocrine System." KidsHealth. N.p., Mar. 2012.
Web. 22 Feb. 2015. <http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/endocrine.html>.
● Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. "Endocrine System." Hole's Human
● Anatomy&Physiology.11thed.NewYork:Michelle Watnick, 2007. 487-527.
Print.
●
“Human Blood: Blood Components.” Human Blood Components. N. p.,n.d Web. 27
Feb. 2015
● "Hypothalamus." You and Your Hormones. N.p., 21 Jan. 2015. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.yourhormones.info/glands/hypothalamus.aspx>.
● "Hormones of the Kidney, Skin, and Heart." Users.Rcn. N.p., 8 Mar. 2014. Web. 26
Feb. 2015. <http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/K/
KidneyHormones.html>.