Ancient Greek and
Roman art
Kouros; 600 BC
Diadoumenos; 430 eKr
Heracles; 470 eKr
Geometric Heracles; 620 eKr
Red Figure-style; 330 BC
Neired Statue; 380 BC
Parthenon ; 447-438
Erekhteion
Theatre
Rome; Marcellus
Hadrianus
Julius Caesar
Roman coins
An Arch

A structure with a curved, pointed, or
squared upper edge to an opening, and
supporting the weight above it .It is
usually a masonry construction, used as a
doorway, window, or a portal, although
freestanding monumental arches have
been built simply for symbolic purposes.
Arch of Titus
Colosseum
Colosseum
Colosseum. Semi-circular arch
Pont du Gard: Aqueduct
Laocoon and his Sons

Roman copy of a Hellenistic original
Pompeij; the road
Roman Baths
A Roman Church
Roman style
Gothic style; Notre Dame; 1211
Virgin and a child
A Knight
A Book from the MIddle Ages
Renaissance; Jan van Eyck
Arnolf; details
Quentin Matsys; A Money-changer
and his wife
Matsys: Lamentation
Italian Renaissance--- Donatello: David
CAUSES for the rise of trade:
Middle ages
The growth of population; more food
needed!
 Development of agriculture; more
economic activity
 Rebirth of the Mediterranean towns;
Crusades– cities became trading centres
(Amalfi, Siena, Venice, Pisa)
 Establishment of new towns/ industrial
centres ( Ghent, Bruges, Ypres, Lucca)

RISE OF TOWNS
German trading centres ( Hamburg,
Lubeck, Danzig, Riga)
 Towns of northern and central Italy;
neither commercial nor financial centres
- autonomy ; being independent from
the rule of landlords etc..
- became powerful, seized more land!

New trade routes

The needs of trade; the growth in the means of
transportation
 More ships began to ply the Mediterranean
 Several trade routes ( ROADS!) linking the northern to
southern Europe ( Champagne fairs, traders from all over
Europe)
 River transport, a large number of towns built on the banks
of rivers
 In 1300 a direct sea route via Mediterranean, the Straits of
Gibraltar and the Atlantic coast linking the towns of Italy with
the North sea ( safe and cheap)
 TRADE BY LAND WAS LOOSING ITS SUPREMACY!
Means of Transport
P. 160
 Map p. 161
 Development of banking system; why and
how? The Effects?
 Define the Hanseatic League.
