HOMEWORK ON 12/12
1. Your typed proofread outline is
th
due on December 16
3. Your group presentation is due
th
December 16
LESSON 12 WEEK 13
CHAPTER 16
PUBLIC SPEAKING
PROF.: MS. K. CASIMIR
12/9/14
OBJECTIVE
• Today we will finish the three methods of building
credibility, evidence and reasoning and then begin
chapter 15 on speeches for special occasions: Speeches
of introduction, speeches of presentation, speeches of
acceptance and Toast. Each student will give their
persuasive speech survey reports for 1.5 minutes.
METHOD OF PERSUASION
In order to build your case you need to have a balance of these
three elements in place:
1. Ethos: Credibility, your qualification, physical attractiveness, etc…
2. Logos: The logical appeal:
using evidences (the supportive materials used )
reasoning (Drawing sound conclusion from evidences)
3. Pathos: The emotional appeal
LOGOS: 1-USING EVIDENCE
• Evidence refers to supportive materials used to
prove or disprove something.
• Examples: Statistic, facts, examples, testimony
• In order to convince your audience, you will need
to provide sufficient evidence from reliable
sources
LOGOS: 1-SUPPORTING EVIDENCES
There are three kind of supporting evidences
or materials:
1. Examples
2. Statistics
3. Testimonies
TESTIMONY
1. Expert testimony: from professionals ,
or authorities in that field of study or
topic.
2. Peer testimony: from ordinary people’s
opinion, first hand experiences on the
topic.
See page 80-82
VIDEO: 14.6
Putting a Break On Teenage Driving”
SAMPLE SPEECH:
“Problem with Pennies”
Read page 83-85
Do the check list on pages 75, 79 & 82 for your evidences
LOGOS: 2-REASONING
Reasoning, the other element of Logos
What is it?
LOGOS: 2-REASONING
- The process of drawing conclusion on the basis of
evidence.
• Make sure your reasoning is sound &
• Be sure to get your audience to agree with your
reasoning.
LOGOS: REASONING
•Fallacies: Are errors made in
reasoning. This is something every
speaker must avoid!
•There are four types
LOGOS--5 TYPES OF REASONING:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Specific instances
Principle
Causal reasoning
Analogical reasoning:
Fallacies (errors): Red Herring, ad
hominem, bandwagon & slippery slope
SPECIFIC INSTANCE
• Reasoning from Specific Instances moves from one particular fact
to general conclusion. Exceptions always exist. This is not
foolproof. Avoid generalizing too hasty!
• Hasty Generalization:
An error in reasoning , whereby a speaker jumps t general
conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. Reinforce your
reasoning with enough examples, statistics and testimony.
PRINCIPLE REASON
• Is a type of reasoning that moves from
general to specific conclusion. Page 211
• Be careful with general evidences – give
details, sound evidence to support your
claims!
CAUSAL REASONING
Page 212
• A type of reason that seek to establish the relationship
between cause and effects. Be careful because the cause and
effects are not always clear. Avoid the following errors:
1.The fallacy of False cause – an error in causal reasoning in
which the speaker mistakenly assumes that because one
event follows another, the first event is the cause of the
second.
2.Assuming Events have one cause: most have several causes
Be careful not to attribute complex events to only one cause
ANALOGICAL REASONING
Page 212
Most common form for question of policy. It is a reasoning
in which the speaker compares two similar cases and
infer that what is true for the first is true for the second.
The two must be essentially alike! Otherwise, it is an
invalid analogy!
Invalid analogy - is analogy in which two cases are being
compared but are not essentially alike.
REASONING: FALLACIES
Fallacy means an error in reasoning. You need to
avoid fallacies in your speech. There are 125
fallacies:
Fallacies: besides false cause , hasty generalization,
Invalid analogy, here are 4 more fallacies you
should guard against at all costs: Red Herring, ad
hominem, bandwagon, slippery slope
FALLACIES: RED HERRING
• Red Herring – A fallacy that introduces an
irrelevant issue to divert attention from
the subject under discussion
FALLACIES: AD HOMINEM
• Ad hominem – a fallacy that attacks the
person rather than dealing with the real
issue in dispute.
FALLACIES: BANDWAGON
• Band wagon – a fallacy that assumes that
because something is popular, it is therefore
good, correct and desirable.
• Coke, coca- cola
FALLACIES: SLIPPERY SLOPE
• Slippery slope – a fallacy that assumes that
taking the first step will lead to the
subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.
PATHOS: APPEALING TO EMOTIONS
Pathos is the word used by Aristotle for Emotional Appeal.
When you appeal, try to appeal to the heart head the head a the
same time!
When you call to action, realize that your reasoning should be based
on facts and logic.
PATHOS: APPEALING TO EMOTIONS
Is intended to create all kinds of feelings the
listener may feel either sad, angry, guilty,
afraid, proud sympathetic, reverent and the
like.
Page215
PATHOS: APPEALING TO EMOTIONS
• These are normal reaction for the questions of or
policy for immediate action.
• Some emotions evoked by public speakers:
• Fear:
Compassion:
• Pride:
Anger:
• Reverence:
Page215
WHERE DO YOU PLACE YOUR EVIDENCES?
• Under your main points, specifically
under your sub-points
BODY OF YOUR TALK
1
. Main point 1
2. Main point 2
A. Supporting idea
A. supporting idea
1. Supporting evidences 1.Supporting evidences
( testimonies, statistics) (testimonies, statistics)
3. Main point 3
A. supporting idea (explain. details)
1. Supporting evidences
(testimonies, statistics)
B. Supporting idea
B. Supporting idea
1. Supporting evidences
(testimonies, statistics)
B. Supporting idea
C. Supporting idea
C. Supporting idea
1.Supporting evidences
(testimonies, statistics)
C. Supporting idea
PERSUASIVE SPEECH:
Sample Speech with Commentary
“Making a Difference Through Special
Olympic”
CD #14.4 Page 217
LESSON 15 WEEK 15
CHAPTERS 15 AND 16
PUBLIC SPEAKING
PROF.: MS. K. CASIMIR
12/9/14
SPEECHES FOR
SPECIAL OCCASIONS
4 Types
SPEECHES OF INTRODUCTION
• Is a speech that introduces the main speaker
to the audience, by building enthusiasm and a
welcoming climate among the audience
SPEECH ON INTRODUCTION….
• Be brief
• Make sure your comments are accurate
• Try to create a sense of excitement and be creative,
sincere and dramatic!
• Make sure you adapt your remarks for the occasion,
speaker and the audience
• Be sure to use the extemporaneous method (page 223-24)
SPEECHES OF PRESENTATION
• Is a speech that give or presents
someone a gift, an award, other forms of
public recognition.
SPEECHES OF PRESENTATION ….
• Be brief
• No more than 5 minutes in length
• Tell the audience why this person is receiving
this award.
• Tell them the specific contribution /
achievements why this person is receiving
this metal or award. (page 226)
SPEECHES OF ACCEPTANCE
•Is a speech that gives thanks for a
gift or award or some other forms
of public recognition.
(page 227)
SPEECHES OF ACCEPTANCE…
•Always followed the speeches of
presentation
•Must be focused, brief, with
humility and graciousness. (P.227)
TOASTS
•Is a speech of greeting,
celebration or thanks, usually in
combination with a meal or
reception for a specific event
WEDDING, FOR EXAMPLE
TOASTS…
• Be brief, no more than three-5 minutes,
with a few sentences of welcome wishes
for
good health/joyful marriage or career
• Toast are capped off and glasses are raised up
• Say “ Cheers” “Gan Bei” “Here’s to good health”
• Must be sincere filled with graciousness and warmth
• Be mindful of the occasion –may need to say
something related to the occasion, meeting or
negotiation (p 228)
COMMEMORATIVE SPEECHES
• Is a speech that pays tribute to a person a group pf
people or an institution or an idea.
• To pay tribute is to give honor, worth, praise , inspire or
celebration.
• The speech made during the National Day or 4th of july
COMMEMORATIVE SPEECH…
Example: “My Crazy Aunt Sue”
Pages 230-31
SAMPLE SPEECHES
“The Nobel peace prize award”
MRS. B BUSH
Choices and Change
A Commencement Address at Wellesley
College. June 1990 (Appendix 7)
VIDEO SAMPLE:
Evaluate the use of the persuasive speech
method:
Video 14:5 “Teenage Driving”
HOMEWORK ON 12/12/14
1. The Project on 12/19/14
2. Outline is Due on 12/19/14
2. Finish reading Chapters 16
LESSON 15 WEEK 15
CHAPTERS 16
PUBLIC SPEAKING
PROF.: MS. K. CASIMIR
12/11/14
FINAL EXAM
Will be an impromptu exam
THINGS YOU MUST BECOME AWARE OF:
• Your English level competency: vocabulary
and pronunciation and articulation
• Know your two audiences: the judges and
the people who are there listening to you.
• How well you are prepared intellectually and
emotionally- read widely and be relax!
SPEAKING IN COMPETITION:
•Speaking as communication:
involves 4 types:
•Prepared speech
•Impromptu speech
•Question and answer
session
•Debate
PREPARED SPEECH
• Prepared way in advance
• Be aware of your time limit and stay within that boundary
• Your introduction should get the audience involved should be vivid, clear and appropriate.
• Make sure you have limited number of main points but high quality of evidences. Should flow smoothly
and naturally.
• You deliver this speech without notes or manuscript with appropriate facial expression eye contact and
natural, spontaneous gestures!
CREATIVITY
• Be creative
• Be yourself
• Develop your own style
• Be mindful of the language you use: imagery and rhythm
• Your goal is to create that brilliant spark that stands out in your speech
CREATIVITY:
•Macro creativity
•Micro creativity
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CREATIVITY
•Macro creativity-how you organize
the whole speech from the
beginning till the end.
(This involves the language , the
organization, and content and
delivery of your speech)
MICRO-CREATIVITY:
• Micro creativity-is creativity in one section of your
speech that stands out.
• It is the one thing that stands(that brilliant spark)
out from the rest of your speech.
(This might be a clever example, quote, a memorable
phrase, or poignant emotional appeal that captures
the audience’s imagination)
SAMPLE SPEECH
“
New Beijing: The Three –
Colored Olympics”
Read Page 238-239
THE IMPROMPTU SPEECH
• Usually follows a prepared speech
• you are given little time to prepare from 15
seconds-20 minutes.
• Usually 1-2 minutes in length.
• Although difficult, it is a good preparation for
your professional life and daily events
THE IMPROMPTU SPEECH MUST BE OR HAVE:
• Be precise
• Have clear organization
• Stay away from word fillers/ repetitions/ pauses
• Use signpost to identify each new points.
THE IMPROMPTU SPEECH
Must have an:
I. Intro: Go straight to the thesis statement
II. Body: can have one or two main points. No more than
three points. supported with enough statistics,
examples and testimonies(Use your own experiences).
III. Conclusion: Wrap up quickly and thank the audience
for listening
IMPROMPTU SPEECH DELIVERY
• Be calm, relaxed and self assured no matter how
nervous you are.
• Maintain good eye contact
• Practice different topic and record yourself:
check your organization, fluency. Pronunciation,
articulation, clarity, eye contact and gestures.
HOW TO BEST PREPARE YOURSELF?
•
•
•
•
Develop a desire for knowledge
Read widely!
Listen to all kinds of international news to inform yourself
Begin to develop an interest in educating yourself in all aspect
of life: culture, history, geography, arts ect..
• Hang out with people who are different then you and ask lots
of questions.
SAMPLE SPEECH:
“
We should not Rebuild the Old
Summer Palace”
Page 242-43
IMPROMPTU TOPIC
Which is happier, To love or
to be loved? 2 mins.
QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION
• Usually follows a prepared speech
• your goal is to anticipate and try to practice answering these
questions before the competition.
• When you practice yours speech, ask your listeners to ask you
questions as well
• Practice answering them as well
• Listen carefully, if you don’t understand, ask the speaker to
kindly repeat or give an example of what he or she meant.
• Try to answer each questions fully
EXAMPLES:
Page 245-246
DEBATE
•You must defend your position
•You must be quick and persuasive
using the right strategy and
techniques
DEBATE: USING REASONING
•Reasoning from specific instance
•Reasoning from principle
•Reasoning from causal reasoning
•Analogical reasoning
Chapter 14 & page 247
DEBATE: THE KEY IS TO
• Prepare: Educate yourself, listen other good
speakers, Ask for thought probing questions
• Practice: recoding yourself, pay attention to
your pitch, volume an speed and your method
of argument and delivery.
DEBATE: THE KEY IS TO
• Pay attention to the method of argument used
by your opponent and try to spot weaknesses
and use that for your gain. Exposed weakness
• Be respectful to one another. Do not attack the
person-deal only with the topic.
HOMEWORK
• Prepare for your final
• Know you must video tape your speech
• Your final speech analysis is due the week after you speak. If you do a self analysis of your persuasive speech, you
must send me your video tape.
• If you plan to do an overall analysis of yourself in this class you must also record your last speech as well.
• Each person must evaluate at least one person and ask questions after the speech - for participation grade.