Psychology Today
What my Weekend Told Me……
The Cerebrum
Some Sweet You Tube Clips
The Human Brain
Master Watermark Image:
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Part I:
Lobes, the Cerebral Cortex, and Cortical Regions of the Brain
Objectives:
• Students will be able to describe the general structure of the
Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex.
• Students will be able to identify the Cerebrum, the Lobes of
the Brain, the Cerebral Cortex, and its major regions/divisions.
• Students will be able to describe the primary functions of
the Lobes and the Cortical Regions of the Brain.
*
The Brain has three main parts…
1. The Cerebrum
2. The Brain Stem
3. The Limbic System
•Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain.
- Divided into two hemispheres, each of which is
divided into four lobes.
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Cerebral Cortex –
The outermost of the cerebrum.
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral
Cortex
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg
Cerebral Features:
• Gyri – Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain.
• Sulci – Small grooves dividing the gyri
– Central Sulcus – Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal
Lobe
• Fissures – Deep grooves, generally dividing large
regions/lobes of the brain
– Longitudinal Fissure – Divides the two Cerebral Hemispheres
– Transverse Fissure – Separates the Cerebrum from the
Cerebellum
– Sylvian/Lateral Fissure – Divides the Temporal Lobe from the
Frontal and Parietal Lobes
Gyri (ridge)
Sulci
(groove)
Fissure
(deep groove)
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Specific Sulci/Fissures:
Central Sulcus
Longitudinal Fissure
Sylvian/Lateral
Fissure
Transverse Fissure
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain.gif
Lobes of the Brain (4)
•
•
•
•
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
* Note: Occasionally, the Insula is considered the fifth lobe. It is located deep
to the Temporal Lobe.
Lobes of the Brain - Frontal
• The Frontal Lobe
– located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull.
• It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions:
- Memory Formation
- Emotions
- Decision Making/Reasoning
- Personality
(Investigation: Phineas
Investigation
(PhineasGage)
Gage)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions
• Primary Motor Cortex – site involved with controlling
movements of the body.
Primary Motor
Cortex/
Broca’s
Area
•Broca’s Area –
•Controls speech and language comprehension.
• Located on Left Frontal Lobe.
•Broca’s Aphasia – Results in the ability to comprehend speech, but
the decreased motor ability (or inability) to speak and form words.
Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe
• The Parietal Lobe
– located atop the brain behind the frontal lobe .
• It plays a major role in the following functions/actions:
- Sensory processing center
- Spatial awareness and
perception
(Proprioception - Awareness of
body/ body parts in space and
in relation to each other)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Parietal Lobe - Cortical Regions
• Somatosensory Cortex – receives messages of touch,
temperature, and certain other bodily sensations.
Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe
• The Occipital Lobe
– located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull.
•function is the
interpretation of VISION
and visual stimuli.
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Occipital Lobe – Cortical Regions
•
Primary Visual Cortex – This is the primary area of the brain responsible for
sight -recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc.
Damage to Visual
Cortex results in
Visual Agnosia
•
Visual Association Area – Interprets information acquired through the primary
visual cortex.
Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe
• The Temporal Lobes
– located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal
Bones of the skull.
• They
play an integral role
in the following functions:
- Hearing
-Organization/Comprehension
of language
- Information
Retrieval (Memory and
Memory Formation)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions
• Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for hearing
• Wernicke’s Area – Language comprehension. Located on the Left Temporal
Lobe.
- Wernicke’s Aphasia – Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and
sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or nonsensical.
Match That Brain Function: Word
Bank 1
• 1. Stimulates muscle
movements
• 2. Reward and Pleasure
Chemical
• 3. Pain control
chemical
• 4. Inhibitory chemical
• 5. Excitatory chemical
• 6. Fight or flight
associated with anger
• 7. Fight or flight
associated with fear
• 8. Mood regulator
“happy chemical”
• 9. Circadian Rhythm
“sleep chemical”
• Arcuate
Fasciculus - A white matter tract that connects
Broca’s Area and
1
4
Wernicke’s Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal Lobes. Allows
for coordinated, comprehensible speech. Damage may result in:
- Conduction Aphasia - Where auditory comprehension and speech
articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard
speech.
2
3
6
5
7
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Match that Brain Function Word
Bank 2
• 1 The Nervous systems
central computer
• 2. The body’s
automatic System
• 3. The body’s arousal
system
• 4. The body’s voluntary
movement System
• 5. The part that relays info
from the body to the brain
• 6. The system that includes
the brain and spinal cord
• 7. The System that includes
everything outside the brain
and spinal cord
• 8. The system that calms
the body down
The Cerebral Cortex
2
3
1
4
5
6
Broca’s Area
10
7
9
8Wernicke’s Area
Match That Brain Part
Word Bank 3
• 1. Thinking and
Reasoning
• 2. Touch and Physical
Sensation
• 3. Vision
• 4. Hearing/Memory
•
•
•
•
•
5. Grammar
6. Object Recognition
7. Movement
8. Sound formation
9. Language
Comprehension
• 10. Changes in touch
and temperature
The Cerebral Cortex
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
Specialization and Integration
• Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words
B.
Lobes and Structures of the Brain
A.
J.
I.
H.
C.
G.
G.
D.
E.
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
F.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
• http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=dKTdMV6cOZw&fe
ature=related
Broca’s Aphasia
• http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=NUTpel04Nkc&featu
re=related
Object Agnosia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=rwQpaHQ0hYw
Lobes and Structures of the Brain
A Primary Motor Cortex
B. Frontal Lobe
C. Broca’s Area
D. Wernicke’s Area
E. Temporal Lobe
A. (groove)
G.
B.
F.
F. Visual Association Area
G. Primary Visual Cortex
H. Occipital Lobe
I. Parietal Lobe
C. (groove)
D.
E.
(groove)
J. Somatosensory Cortex
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Copyright: Gary Larson
Q: Assuming this comical situation was factually
accurate, what Cortical Region of the brain would
these doctors be stimulating?
Further Investigation
Phineas Gage:
Phineas Gage was a railroad worker in the 19th century living in
Cavendish, Vermont. One of his jobs was to set off explosive charges in large rock in
order to break them into smaller pieces. On one of these instances, the detonation
occurred prior to his expectations, resulting in a 42 inch long, 1.2 inch wide, metal rod
to be blown right up through his skull and out the top. The rod entered his skull below
his left cheek bone and exited after passing through the anterior frontal lobe of his
brain.
Frontal
Remarkably, Gage never lost consciousness, or quickly regained it (there is still some
debate), suffered little to no pain, and was awake and alert when he reached a doctor
approximately 45 minutes later. He had a normal pulse and normal vision, and
following a short period of rest, returned to work several days later. However, he was
not unaffected by this accident.
http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/gage5.jpg
Learn more about Phineas Gage: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage
Frontal
Q: Recalling what you have just learned regarding the frontal lobe, what
possible problems or abnormalities may Gage have presented with
subsequent to this type of injury (remember the precise location of the rod
through his brain)?
A: Gage’s personality, reasoning, and capacity to understand and follow social
norms had been diminished or destroyed. He illustrated little to no interest in
hobbies or other involvements that at one time he cared for greatly. ‘After the
accident, Gage became a nasty, vulgar, irresponsible vagrant. His former
employer, who regarded him as "the most efficient and capable foreman in
their employ previous to his injury," refused to rehire him because he was so
different.’
Q: It is suggested that Gage’s injury inspired the development of what at one
time was a widely used medical procedure. What might this procedure be, and
how does it relate to Gage’s injury?
A: The frontal lobotomy. This has been used with the intention to diminish
aggression and rage in mental patients, but generally results in drastic
personality changes, and an inability to relate socially. This procedure is
largely frowned upon today, with the development of neurological drugs as
treatments.
Frontal
Psychology Today
A Simple Survey
The Amazing Brain
Left v Right
Beautiful Spinning Lady
Did You Know
• Your brain is also split into 2 different
sides.
– Known as your cerebral
hemispheres.
• It contains your left and right
“cerebral hemispheres” or
brains
• I’m sure you’ve heard before, the left
side of the brain controls the right side
of your body, while the right side of the
brain controls the left side of your body.
Our Divided Brain
• The information
highway from
the eyes to the
brain
If you Didn’t Already Know
•
The left brain and right brain
differ in abilities.
– Each ability makes it’s own
hemisphere unique.
– Without 1 hemisphere we
would lack important skills
we seem to take for granted.
– Each Hemisphere works
together to balance one
another out
– So, who are you? Are you
right brainer, or a left
brainer?
The Glue of It All
– Corpus Callosum
• thick band of nerve fibers
that divides the cerebrum
into left and right
hemispheres.
• It connects the left and
right sides of the brain
• allowing for
communication between
both hemispheres.
Splitting The Corpus Callosum
• What would happen if the corpus
callosum were cut in half?
•
It’s called having
split brains
– Your left and right brain could
work opposite each other
because communication would
be lost
– Think of it like this
• What the left brain learns and
thinks is unknown to the right
brain, and vice versa
What Happens When One Is
Damaged
•
Well, think of it this way
– If one hemisphere of your brain is damaged, the ability to practice certain skills
can be accounted for by the other brain.
– Brain damage is rarely ever reparable but possible
•
If the right brain is damaged, the ability to understand jokes, spatial skills, and
simple language comprehension could be lost
•
If the Left is damaged, higher order thinking such as the use of language, speech,
calculations, and rhythm may be lost or destroyed
Brain Plasticity
Jodi Millerhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDTiZpPyqRk
Damage to the Right Side
• Causes Spatial Neglect: ignoring one side of vision of the body
after damage to a brain hemisphere.
Left Brain v Right Brain
The Match of the Century
The Left Brain
Did You Know
• 95% of adults use this
side for
language(speaking,
writing, and
understanding)
The Left Brain
• 3 Man Functions:
– Be more Detail Oriented
• Uses as much information provided to
analyze EVERY part that makes up
something
– See problems as individual Parts
• Left brain people break problems down
into smaller parts. This allows a
combination of answers to complete the
whole
– Logic based
• Using what is known based on facts and
observation to answer questions
Characteristics of a Left Brain:
Who are You?
• Lefts also naturally evaluate
• When a new concept is
what's wrong and why it won't
mentioned, they are likely to say,
work.
"Why change things? What's
wrong with the way we are doing
• They tend to not see the whole
things?“
person but the flaw(s).
• Lefts are skeptical of anything • These are the people that come
home from work and get upset
new. It can be a new invention,
that the furniture has been
work schedule, or a new
rearranged.
appliance. They resist anything
new and untried.
• They enjoy classical music . Of
course, it has a predictable beat
• They enjoy math, primarily
and rhythm. No surprising
because numbers never change
syncopation to catch them off
and they promote a challenge
guard.
The Right Brain
• Can produce only the
simplest language and
numbers. The other 5%
– Non verbal responses,
such as pointing at
objects, to answer
questions
The Right Brain
• 3 Main Functions:
– Be more creative
• “combining multiple parts into one large piece”
– See problems as a whole
• “rather then analyzing what went wrong, the right
brain sees the problem and attempts a solution based
on the problem
– Less detail oriented
• “it doesn’t matter what combines to make up the
picture, it’s the picture itself that matters.”
See What I Mean?
Left Brain
Right Brain
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Uses logic
detail oriented
facts rule
words and language
present and past
math and science
can comprehend
knowing
knows object name
reality based
forms strategies
Practical
safe
uses feeling
"big picture" oriented
imagination rules
symbols and images
present and future
philosophy & religion
can "get it" (i.e. meaning)
knows object function
fantasy based
presents possibilities
Impetuous
risk taking
Characteristics of a Right Brain:
Who are You?
• Rights think and learn in visual,
kinesthetic and audio images.
• They don't memorize well and
need to visualize a picture so they
can recall the facts.
• When right brains talk to you,
they look at you while listening
and look away to the left when
answering a question.
• Right brains embrace new ideas.
They are future thinkers and enjoy
introducing controversial ideas
• They believe that everything is
possible,
What Happens When One Is
Damaged
• Well, think of it this way
– If one hemisphere of your brain is damaged, the ability to
practice certain skills can be accounted for by the other
brain.
– Brain damage is rarely ever reparable.
• If the right brain is damaged, the ability to understand jokes,
spatial skills, and simple language comprehension could be
lost
• If the Left is damaged, higher order thinking such as the use of
language, speech, calculations, and rhythm may be lost or
destroyed
The Corpus Callosum
• Allows information from right
brain and left brain to be passed
to one another.
– Both brains do opposite things but
work together
– It’s like having two brains that
communicate and work together
• Remember:
– The right side of your brain
controls the left side of your body
– The left side of your brain controls
the right side of your body
Right Brain – Clockwise
Left Brain- Counter clockwise
Can you make her switch?
Resources
Images:
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain.gif
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
http://www.math.tu-dresden.de/~belov/brain/motorcor2.gif
Larson, Gary. The Far Side.
Phineas Gage:
•
•
•
•
http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/gage5.jpg
http://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/courses/bio303/Image7.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage
http://scienceeducation.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Gage/Broken_brain1.html
History of Studying the Brain
• Franz Joseph Gall (1758 – 1828)
– Phrenology
• The study of the structure of the skull to determine a
person’s character and mental capacity
• 26 ‘organs’ on the surface
of the brain
History of Studying the Brain
Phrenological
Map of the Skull
History of Studying the Brain
• Flourens (1794 – 1867)
– Emphasized the importance of experimental research
of the brain
– Carefully controlled experiments on animals to
determine localities of brain and their functions
– Moved the field of brain research into a more
scientific arena
The Brain
• Three main parts
– Brain Stem
– Limbic System
– Cerebral Cortex
Areas of the Brain
Forebrain/ Cerebrum
Midbrain/Limbic System
Hind Brain/ Brain Stem
The Brain Stem
The Brain Stem
• Brainstem
– the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the
spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
– responsible for automatic (autonomic nervous system)survival
functions
• Medulla [muh-DUL-uh]
– base of the brainstem
– controls heartbeat and breathing
The Brain Stem
• Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]
– the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem
– it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
– Relay center
• Filters & organizes information from senses
• Pons
– Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord
– Transfers messages from brain to spine
The Brain Stem
• Reticular Formation
– Stimulating the
sympathetic and
parasympathetic
branch
– Sleep and Attention
The Brain Stem
• Cerebellum [sehr-uhBELL-um]
– the “little brain” attached to
the rear of the brainstem
– It helps coordinate
voluntary movement and
balance
• From motor cortex to
cerebellum to spine to body
to body part
The Limbic System
Limbic System
a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the
brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives
such as those for food and sex
includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
The Limbic System
• Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la]
– two almond-shaped neural clusters
– Linked fear, aggression, drive, motivation, guilt
– Allows us to recognize emotions in others
The Limbic System
• Hippocampus
– memory forming, organizing, and storing.
– connecting emotions and senses, such as smell
and sound, to memories.
The Limbic System
• Hypothalamus
– neural structure lying below (hypo)
the thalamus
– Directs several maintenance
activities
• eating
• drinking
• body temperature
– helps govern the endocrine system
via the pituitary gland
– is linked to emotion
The Endocrine System
• Controls many
body functions
– exerts control by
releasing special
chemical
substances into
the blood called
hormones
– Hormones affect
other endocrine
glands or body
systems
• Derives its name
from the fact that
various glands
release hormones
directly into the
blood, which in
turn transports
the hormones to
target tissues via
ducts.
The Endocrine System
• Consists of several
glands located in
various parts of the
body.
• Pituitary gland: a small
gland located on a stalk
hanging from the base of the
brain
• “The Master Gland”
– Primary function is to
control other glands.
– Produces many
hormones.
– Secretion is controlled by
the hypothalamus in the
base of the brain.
The Endocrine System
• The Thyroid Gland
– lies in the anterior
neck just below the
larynyx.
– Two lobes, located
on either side of the
trachea, connected
by a narrow band of
tissue called the
isthmus.
– Sacs inside the
gland contain colloid
• Within the colloid are
the thyroid hormones:
– thyroxine (T4)
– triiodothyronine (T3)
• When stimulated
(by TSH or by
cold), these are
released into the
circulatory system
and  the
metabolic rate.
– “C” cells within the
thyroid produce the
hormone calcitonin.
The Endocrine System
• Increased thyroid
hormone release
causes
hyperthyroidism,
commonly called
Graves’ disease.
– Signs and
symptoms:
• insomnia, fatigue
• tachycardia
• hypertension
• heat intolerance
• weight loss
– Long term
hyperthyroidism:
• Exopthalmos
– bulging of the
eyeballs (picture
Barbara Bush)
• In severe cases - a
medical emergency
called thyrotoxicosis
can result.
The Endocrine System
• Parathyroid Glands
– small, pea-shaped
glands, located in the
neck near the thyroid
– usually 4 - number can
vary
– regulate the level of
calcium in the body
– produce parathyroid
hormone -  level of
calcium in blood
– Hypocalcemia can result
if parathyroids are
removed or destroyed.
The Endocrine System
• Pancreas
– a key gland located in
the folds of the
duodenum
– has both endocrine and
exocrine functions
– secretes several key
digestive enzymes
• Islets of Langerhans
– specialized tissues in
which the endocrine
functions of the
pancreas occurs
– include 3 types of
cells:
• alpha ( )
• beta ()
• delta ()
– each secretes an
important hormone.
The Endocrine System
• Adrenal Glands
– 2 small glands that sit
atop both kidneys.
– Each has 2 divisions,
each with different
functions.
• the Adrenal Medulla
secretes the
catecholamine
hormones
norepinephrine and
epinephrine (closely
related to the
sympathetic component
of the autonomic
nervous system).
The Endocrine System
• Gonads and Ovaries:
– the endocrine glands
associated with human
reproduction.
– Female ovaries produce
eggs
– Male gonads produce
sperm
• both have endocrine
functions.
• Ovaries:
– located in the abdominal
cavity adjacent to the
uterus.
– Under the control of LH
and FSH from the
anterior pituitary they
manufacture
• estrogen
• protesterone
The Endocrine System
• Estrogen and
Progesterone have
several functions,
including sexual
development and
preparation of the uterus
for implantation of the
egg.
• Testes:
– located in the scrotum
– produce sperm for
reproduction
– manufacture testosterone
• promotes male growth
and masculinization
– Controlled by anterior
pituitary hormones FSH
and LH.