Respiratory Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Coronal
Superior
Sagittal
Transverse
Inferior
Anatomical Planes
Superior
Coronal
Lateral
Medial
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Respiratory System
• Respiration: exchange of gas between an
organism & its environment.
• Inspiration: Inhalation; drawing air into the
lungs
• Expiration: The expulsion of air from the
lungs
• Alveoli: Minute air sacs within the lung
tissue
Airway
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Larynx
Lungs
Diaphragm
Respiratory System
• Which is true of the lung when stretched out?
– Size of your fist.
– Size of a tennis court
– Size of a kitchen table
• Does blood circulate in the lung?
– Why or Why not?
• How does the rate of ventilation change with– Exercising?
– Quiet breathing?
– Speech?
Respiratory System
• What does the respiratory system do?
– sustain life
– speech secondary
• source of all pressures and flows
• What is included in the respiratory system used for
speech?
– Rib cage
– Diaphragm
– Abdomen
– Contents of RC & AB
Appendicular
Skeleton
-Upper &
Lower Extremities
Support of Respiration
Axial Skeleton
-Trunk & head
Anterior Skeleton
Support of Respiration
• Bony Thorax
– Vertebrae & Vertebral Column
– Pectoral Girdle
– Ribs & Attachments to Vertebral Column
• scapula & clavicle
– Sternum
– Pelvic Girdle
•
•
•
•
ischium
pubic bone
sacrum
ilium
Vertebral Column
C1-C7
T1-T12
L1-L5
Cervical
Vertebrae
Thoracic
Vertebrae
Lumbar
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Vertebral Column
• 33 segments of bone
• Many fossa & protuberances
• Form depending on location,
attachments & pathway
Vertebral Column
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Pelvic Girdle
1. Part of pelvic girdle
2. Anatomical Landmarks near pelvic girdle
Illiac Crest
Ilium
Sacrum
Pubic
Bone
Coccyx
Pubic
Symphysis
Ischium
Pelvic Girdle
• Vertebral column attaches
• Lower extremity attachment
• Provides distribution of force
• Made up of: ilium, sacrum, pubic bone,
ischium
– ilium-large, wing-like
– sacrum- five fused vertebrae
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle
Sternum
Scapula
* Pectoral girdle includes
only the scapula & clavicle
Pectoral Girdle
• Shoulder girdle– Support upper extremities
– clavicle (collarbone): superior sternum to
scapula
– scapula: wing-like; attachment only at
clavicle
– Equal distribution of force
– A-Frame support
Ribs & Ribcage
True Ribs
(1-7)
Thorax
Sternum
Costal
Cartilage
False Ribs
(8,9,10)
Floating Ribs (11,12)
Ribs & Rib Cage
• Thorax: 12 pair of ribs
• Rib Components:
– Head (articulating surface)
– Neck
– Angle (curve)
– Shaft (largest; anterior)
• Rib Cage:
– provides attachments (muscles)
• muscles provide: Strength, rigidity, continuity, & mobility
Ribs
• Three general classes:
– True ribs- upper ribs (1-7), attach to sternum,
cartilaginous attachment
– False ribs- (8,9,10), attach to sternum via cartilage
running superior
– Floating ribs- (11,12), articulate with vertebral column
only.
• Characteristics:
– cartilage (chondral) attachment can be torqued
• strength and movement
Thoracic Expansion
Vertical
Transverse
Anteroposterior
Lateral/ Anteroposterior Thoracic Expansion
Diaphragm
Aponeurosis
Muscle
Relaxed
Expanded
Diaphragm/ Abdominal Movement
Diaphragm
Abdominal
Wall
Pelvis
Pelvis
Inhalation
Exhalation
Respiratory System:
Components
Chest Wall
Rib Cage
Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Viscera
Abdominal
Wall
Pulmonary System
Left
Bronchus
Trachea
Alveolar
Air Sacs
Right
Bronchus
Relative Sizes of:
A. Rib Cage
Without Lungs
attached
B. Rib Cage with
Lungs Attached
C. Lungs Without
Rib cage Attached
Partial Vacuum
Pulmonary System
• Trachea:
– Flexible tube
– 11 cm in length, 16-20 hyaline cartilage
rings
– Rings are 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter (smooth
muscle)
– Divides at Carina Trachea & becomes
mainstream bronchi (bronchial tubes)
• Serve right and left lung
Pulmonary System (cont.)
• Bronchi:
– Divisions: main stem , secondary (lobar), tertiary
(segmental)
– 28 generations of bronchial tree (first 9-”Dead
Space”)
• trachea-mainstream bronchi-lobar bronchibranchings to terminal respiratory bronchioles
– 1 (trachea), 2 (mainstem bronchi), 5 (lobar); 19
(segmental); 38 (subsegmental)...
– Final 7 divisions: respiratory zones- respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli
Bronchi Structure
Trachea
Mainstem
Bronchi
Alveoli
Carina
Pulmonary System (cont.)
• Alveoli:
– End of terminal bronchiole
– small-1/4 mm in diameter (5 alveoli in 1 mm)
– 300 million in adult lung
– lined with single layer of epithelial cells
– each covered with over 2,000 capillaries (6
trillion in all)
– Lining= Type 1 cells (pneumocytes); Type 2
(Cuboidal)
Alveoli/ Capillary Bed
Alveoli
Terminal
Bronchiole
Capillary
Bed
Alveolar
Duct
Alveolus
Readings
• Seikel: Ch. 3 (pgs. 35-76)
• Dickson: Ch. 3 (pgs. 59-84)