IMPERIALISM
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
QUESTIONS OVER
HAWAII/CHINA?
6, 7, 8
MAKING PREDICTIONS
“Well, I hardly know which to take first!”
CUBANS IN REVOLT
• American tariffs on sugar cane hurt Cuban economic stability.
• Frustrated Cubans used hard economic times to mount an
insurrection…
• The Insurectos did everything within their power to expel the Spanish.
• The Americans sided with the revolutionary underdogs…
• According to H.C.Lodge they were in the line of the Panama Canal.
•
Why would America be so interested in a canal in Panama?
CUBANS IN REVOLT
YELLOW JOURNALISM
• The American people dove into the plight of the Cuban
revolutionaries.
• Stories of Spanish atrocities sold papers in the fierce
competition for circulation between Hearst and Pulitzer.
• “You Furnish the Pictures, and I’ll Furnish the War” –Hearst
• Breaking News #1- The De Lôme letter
• Spanish Ambassador Dupuy de Lôme has a letter intercepted
that refers to McKinley as weak and other Republicans as
jingoes.
• Hearst prints the story as the “Worst Insult to the United States
in its History.“
• Breaking News #2- The USS Maine
• BOOM!!!
THE USS MAINE
• Primary Source Investigation
• You and 2 other individuals will read/investigate
each of the 9 documents.
• On your own paper, you will respond to each of
the Sourcing, Close Reading, and Contextualizing
questions for each document.
• Be prepared to discuss your findings.
THE TRAGEDY OF THE MAINE
• February 15th, 1898
• Havana Harbor
• Loss of 260 sailors
• 2 Investigations Ensued
• The Spanish Investigation found that an internal/accidental explosion
brought down the Maine.
• The American Investigation argued that it was a naval mine.
•
In 1976 a US investigation validated the previous Spanish investigation
that spontaneous combustion caused the explosion. A 2002 History
Channel Documentary found the same.
YELLOW
JOURNALISM
Pulitzer’s World
Hearst’s Journal
REMEMBER THE MAINE,
TO HELL WITH SPAIN!
MCKINLEY’S WAR MESSAGE
•
McKinley was leery of open hostilities with
Spain.
•
McKinley also wasn't comfortable with a fully
independent Cuba.
•
Theodore Roosevelt referred to the president
as “White-Livered” and claimed that he had
“the backbone of a chocolate éclair.”
•
•
•
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the
McKinley administration.
• Later, would resign from office to fight in the
war.
McKinley gave the people what they wanted
and issued a war message to Congress in
April of 1898.
Said we were going to war to:
•
•
•
•
Put an end to the bloodshed and starvation
in Cuba
Protest lives/property of Americans in Cuba
End the injury to commerce and trade with
Americans
End the constant menace to our peace that
would result from an uprising in Cuba
THE TELLER AMENDMENT
• The amendment to Congress’ Joint Resolution that after
the war with Spain had ended the US would return "control
of the island to its people.“
• "The Teller Amendment, authored by a Colorado Senator
who wanted to make sure that Cuba's sugar would not
compete with his state's crop of beet sugar, prohibited the
president annexing Cuba.“ –Gregory Weeks, 2008
• The Platt Amendment, crafted in 1901 by U.S. Secretary of
War Elihu Root to replace the Teller Amendment, allowed for
important decisions of the government of Cuba to be
overridden by the United States.
ROOSEVELT JUMPS INTO THE
PACIFIC WITH BOTH FEET
• Even before war had been
declared T.R. called on
Commodore George Dewey to
relocate his naval forces from
Hong Kong to the waters off
the Philippines.
• On May 1st, Dewey and his 6
warships defeated the first
Spanish fleet in the harbor of
Manila.
• Technological Superiority
• Spanish casualties neared
400 and Dewey’s fleet
suffered no loss of life.
THE SURRENDER OF MANILA
• Commodore Dewey transported Emilio Aguinaldo, a
well educated, Filipino leader who had led rebellion
against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896, to the
Philippines from exile in Hong Kong to rally more
Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government.
• By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of
most of the islands.
• Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the
Philippines.
• On August 13th, with American commanders unaware
that a cease-fire had been signed between Spain and
the U.S. on the previous day, American forces captured
the city of Manila from the Spanish.
• American action of preventing Filipino forces from
capturing the city of Manila was deeply resented by the
Filipinos.
THE CONFLICT IN CUBA
• Spain had sent a naval fleet to Cuba
just before the declaration of war on
April 25th.
• A frightened eastern seaboard called
for immediate action.
• The first American invasion force was
horrendous.
• Poorly Trained
• Poorly Led – Gen. William Shafter
• Poorly Equipped
THE ROUGH RIDERS
• Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention
in Cuba, both for the Cuban people and to
promote the Monroe Doctrine.
• Roosevelt took lead of the 1st Volunteer
Cavalry
• “The Cowboy Cavalry” was made up of
college athletes, cowboys, and ranchers.
THE BATTLES OF SAN JUAN AND
KETTLE HILL
•
The Battle of San Juan Hill (July 1, 1898) was a decisive battle in Cuba.
•
•
•
The names San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill were names given by the Americans. This
fight for the San Juan Heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the War.
San Juan Hill was the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders as
claimed by the press and its new commander, the future Vice-President and later
President, Theodore Roosevelt.
Overlooked then by the American Press, much of the heaviest fighting was done
by African-American troops.
BUFFALO SOLDIERS
•
The Buffalo Soldiers were an all black cavalry originally formed at Fort
Leavenworth in 1866.
•
•
Some attribute the name to the Cheyenne who referred to the cavalry as
Buffalo Soldiers during their conflicts
The Buffalo Soldiers were only a portion of the 5,000+ African American
troops serving in the United States Military.
MAKING PEACE
•
With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines, and both of its fleets
incapacitated, Spain wanted to talk peace.
•
After over two months of difficult negotiations, the formal peace treaty,
the Treaty of Paris, was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898, and was
ratified by the United States Senate on February 6, 1899.
•
•
•
•
•
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The US paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The US becomes an imperial power!
Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May
20, 1902.
•
•
However, the US imposed various restrictions on the new government,
including prohibiting alliances with other countries, and reserved the right
to intervene.
The US also established a perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay.
OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The U.S. sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to occupy the
Philippines.
• When U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of
the country, warfare broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos
resulting in the Philippine-American War.
• Filipinos had assumed, like the Cubans, that they would be granted
freedom.
• Opposition to the war inspired Mark Twain to found the Anti-Imperialist
League on June 15, 1898.
THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE
•
Founded in 1898.
•
The fundamental principle that
just republican
government must derive from
"consent of the governed."
•
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie,
Grover Cleveland, & Samuel
Gompers were among the
members and welcome back to
third time Presidential
nominee…William Jennings
Bryan
•
Campaigned against the
annexation of the Philippines
and other acts of imperialism.
THE PHILIPPINE - AMERICAN WAR
FEBRUARY 4, 1899 – JULY 4, 1902
• The war and occupation by the United States would change the
cultural landscape of the islands.
• An estimated 200,000 Filipino casualties. 4,500 American (75% disease)
• Disestablishment of the Catholic Church as the state religion
• The introduction of English as the primary language of government and
some businesses.
INSULAR (ISLAND)
CASES
Supreme Court was presented with the question: does the
Constitution follow the flag?
Answer from SC: NO! It is up to Congress on whether or not they
choose to apply the rights guaranteed in the constitution to newly
acquired lands…
TAFT AND OUR “LITTLE BROWN
BROTHERS”
• William Howard Taft, Governor-General, attempted to ease
tensions with the Filipinos. 1901-1904
• “Benevolent Assimilation”
• Purchase of Catholic Lands from Pope Leo III and the sale
of lands to Filipinos.
• American Schools and a “2nd” Language, English. The
people still hoped for freedom, which finally came on July
4th, 1946.
• This is almost identical
to the bill of rights
STUFF YOU NEED TO
KNOW
• Essay due 1/29
• Baker Forms are Due on 1/29
• Next week we will begin DBQ work