Chapter 43: Section 4
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PRIMATES
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• Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human
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Primate Characteristics
Large brain parts relative to size
Generalist Teeth
(herbivorous and omnivorous teeth)
Communication
(broad range of expression
and sounds)
Acute Color Vision
(binocular vision,
depth perception)
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Infant Care
(attention to young,
mammary glands)
Social Organization
(groups with complex
behaviors among
members.)
Manual Dexterity
(opposable thumbs,
Flattened nails for
Protection)
Characteristic skeletal structure
(sit upright, cling)
Prosimians
• Most primitive primates
“pre-monkeys”
• Nocturnal
• Sensitive vision
• Complex tactile hairs
• Large, movable ears
• Strong sense of smell
• Developed hand control
• Tropical woodlands
• Most are endangered
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Lemurs of the night
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Brown Mouse Lemur
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Monkeys
New World vs Old World
• Flat nosed
• Nostrils far apart and open to the
side
• No cheek pouches
• No buttock pads
• Thumb lies in line with other digits
• Arboreal habitats
• Small to medium sized
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• Down-facing nose
• Nostrils close together and open
downward or forward
• Prominent buttock pads that they sit on
• Tails, but not used for grasping/holding
• Thumb is rotated and more opposable
• Wide range of habitats
• Generally larger
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Old World Monkeys: RED
New World Monkeys: Orange
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Capuchin Monkey
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Proboscis Monkey
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Usually larger and heavier
No tail
More upright body posture
Broad chest
Rely on vision rather than smell
Large brain to body size ratio
*a few exceptions to these rules
Meeting the Gibbons
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GREAT APES
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• Orangutans, Chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos and
human
• Family Hominidae
• Face is almost naked
• Round ears
• No cheek pouches
• Thumb is shorter than fingers
• Distinguish color
• Wide range of vocalizations and facial expressions
• *at DNA level, human is more related to chimp, than a chimp is related to a
gorilla
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• Monkeys, apes, humans
• Adaptations
– Rotating shoulder and
elbow joints
– Opposable thumb
– Grasping feet
(nonhuman)
– More complex brain
structure
– Larger brain relative
to body
– Similar dental formula
Anthropoids
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red bald-headed uakari
Hominids
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• Include: humans and extinct
humanlike anthropoid species
• Bipedalism: ability to walk
upright
• Why?
• Adaptations
– Bowl-shaped human
pelvis to support internal
organs
– Spine curves in an S
shape-allows for upright
posture
– Toes are aligned with each
other and shorter than apes
Australopithecus anamensis
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Found 1995, Mary Leakey
Kenya
Similar to Chimpanzee but bipedal
4.2 mya
Oldest known member of genus
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Australopithecus afarensis
(Lucy)
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• 1974
• Afar Valley of N.
Ethiopia
• Most complex and
best preserved
skeleton of prehuman
hominid
• 3.2 mya
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Ardipithecus ramidus “Ardi”
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• Discovered in Afar desert in Ethiopia (1992took 15 years to fully analyze and publish)
• 125 pieces of the skeleton
• 46 miles from Lucy
• 4.4 mya
• Small-brained, 110-pound female
• Oldest fossil skeleton of a human ancestor
• Our forebears underwent a previously
unknown stage of evolution more than a
million years before Lucy
• Shows unexpected mix of advanced
characteristics and of primitive traits
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• Feet, pelvis, leg and hands
suggests she was a biped on the
ground but a quadruped when
moving in trees
• Grasping big toe like apes
• Special small bone inside a
tendon, keeps the divergent toe
more rigid-primitive ancestors
(bone was lost in chimps and
gorillas)
• Upper pelvis positioned to walk
on two legs
• Lower pelvis built like an ape
• Intermediate stage in our
evolution that nobody knew
about
• Ardipithecus, then
Australopithecus, than Homo
Australopithecus africanus
• Southern Africa
• 2.3 - 3 mya
• Taller/heavier than
Lucy
• Slightly larger brain
capacity
• Skull
– Spinal cord opening
bottom
Australopithecus robustus
• Southern Africa
• Large teeth and jaws
• Different lineage than Lucy
Australopithecus boisei
• Eastern Africa
• Boney ridge on crest of head
• Anchor large jaw muscles
• 2 mya
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Homo habilis
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“handy-man”
1960s, East Africa
Stone tools
Body not much
taller than Lucy
• 4 ft tall
• 2 mya
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Homo erectus
• “upright human”
• “Java man”
• Thicker skull, larger
brow ridges
• Lower forehead
• Large, protruding teeth
• 5 ft tall
• Crude tools and fire
• Hunted and cooked
• Lived in tribes of 20-50
Homo neaderthalensis
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Europe and Asia
230,000 - 30,000 yrs ago
Heavy bones
Thick brows
Protruding jaws
Lived in caves
Stone scraper tools
Care for dead
Not sure what caused
extinction
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Homo sapiens
• Appeared in Africa
• 1st discovery in CroMagnon cave in France
(Cro-Magnons)
• Hunted
• Complex patterns of
social organization
• Sophisticated language
• tools
How did Homo sapiens occupy the entire
globe?
• Multi-Regional Hypothesis
– Archaic form of humans left Africa 1-2 mya
– Modern humans evolved from them
independently and simultaneously in pockets of
Africa, Europe and Asia
• Out of Africa Hypothesis
– Modern humans evolved in Africa and then left
in several waves of migration
– Replacing any earlier species
Dr. Spencer Wells
• Found genetic evidence, based on
thousands of DNA samples taken
across the world, that shows that
all humans alive today have
descended from a single man
who lived in Africa some 60,000
years ago
• Y-Adam
“We are all Africans under our
skin”
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Y Chromosome
• Develop genetic markers
• As inherited, they are
passed down through
generations, forming a
complex story that can be
traced backwards in time
• Each son has inherited the
marker
• Find the point at which it
first occurred…most recent
common ancestor
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Exodus began 60,000 - 50,000 years ago