Unit 2, Lesson 2
The Metric System
Did You See That?
• We all know that the ability to describe an
observation is very important.
• A description is a statement that reports what
has been observed.
It is said that long, long ago, people used the
length of the king’s foot to settle arguments
about how long or wide something was.
So that everyone would know how long his foot was, the
king passed out sticks the same length as his foot. The sticks
were called the ruler’s foot or “rulers.”
• Then, about 200 years ago, someone decided that
measurement systems would be better based on Mother
Earth than some king’s foot.
• Also, basing measurements on body parts was not accurate
because body parts vary in size from person to person.
• So, using mathematics, they figured out the distance from
the equator to the north pole.
• And divided that distance by:
Here
10 Million!
Here
• And the answer to that division problem was
named: The Meter
• So now, measurements became descriptions
that included numbers and units, and a whole
system of measurement was developed with
the meter as its basis.
• This system of measurements is called the
International System of Units (SI) or the
Metric System.
The International System of Units
• SI units are a common international language for ALL
scientific measurements. It helps scientists from all
over the world compare observations and results.
• The Metric System is based on units of 10 either by
dividing units by the number 10 or multiplying them by
some multiple of 10.
• Considering the various numbers we use in the English
system (12 inches to a foot, 3 feet to a yard, 1760 yards
to a mile, etc.) multiplying or dividing by 10 makes the
Metric System seem much easier.
Base SI Units
• There are seven base SI units that are used to
express different quantities of length, mass,
time, temperature, amount of substance,
electric current and light intensity.
Base SI Units
• The Meter (m) is the SI unit of length. Length is generally measured with a
meterstick or measuring tape.
• The Gram (g) is the unit for mass. Mass is generally measured with a
balance.
• The Kelvin (K) is the unit for temperature. Temperature is generally
measured with a thermometer.
• The Second (s) is the unit for time. Time can be measured with a
stopwatch.
• The Ampere (A) is the unit for electric current. Electric currents can be
measured with amp meters.
• The Mole (mol) is the unit for the amount of substance. Moles are usually
measured by equations.
• The Candela (cd) is the unit for light intensity. Light intensity can be
measured with a lux meter.
Derived SI Units
• Some SI units are derived units. A unit that is calculated from
a base unit.
• The Cubic Meter (m³) is used for the volume of solids. These
can be measured with a graduated cylinder or beaker.
• The Liter (L) is used for liquid volume, which is not actually an
SI unit. One milliliter is equal to one cubic centimeter (cm³).
• The Newton (N) is used for weight. Weight can be measured
with different types of scales and can depend on an object’s
mass.
• Measurements like Density must be calculated and cannot be
measured directly. Density is calculated by dividing an object’s
mass by its volume.
SI Prefixes
• The metric system uses prefixes to express
an SI unit that is larger or smaller than the
base unit.
SI Prefixes
• The prefix kilo- (k), from the Greek word chilioi, means 1000.
Example: kilometer.
• The prefix hecto- (h), from the Greek word hekaton, means 100.
Example: hectometer
• The prefix deca- (da), from the Greek word deka, means 10. It is the
only SI prefix that uses more than one letter. Example: decameter.
• The prefix deci- (d), from the Latin word decimus, means tenth.
Example: decimeter.
• The prefix centi- (c), from the Latin word centum, means 100.
Example: centimeter.
• The prefix milli- (m), from the Latin word mille, means 1000.
Example: millimeter.
• The prefix micro- (µ), from the Greek word mikrós, means small,
and is denotes one millionth. It is the only prefix that uses a Greek
letter as its symbol (pronounced “mu”)
Metric Conversions
• To convert larger units to smaller ones , you MULTIPLY by units of 10
• To convert smaller units to larger ones you DIVIDE by units of 10
– Example:
1000
kilometer
100
10
hectometer decameter
1
Units
(meters)
0.1
0.01
0.001
decimeter Centimeter millimeter
– To convert 2 meters to centimeters (1 hundredth of a meter), you multiply
by 100:
• 2 x 100 = 200 cm (2 meters = 200 centimeters)
– To convert 3 millimeters (1 thousandth of a meter) to meters, you divide by
1000
• 3 ÷ 1000 = 0.003 m (3 millimeters = 0.003 m)
OR
• Find out how far apart the two prefixes are on the line
above. For example, kilo and hecto are one place apart,
kilo and deka are two places apart, etc.
• Move the decimal point to the left to convert smaller
units or right to convert larger units by the number of
places you found in the previous step. If there is no
decimal in the number, assume it's after the last digit in
the number.
1000
kilometer
100
10
hectometer decameter
1
Units
(meters)
0.1
0.01
0.001
decimeter Centimeter millimeter
Example #1
• To convert 1 kilometer to meters (convert larger to
smaller), move the decimal 1 place to the RIGHT and
add zeros where needed for the number of places
you move down the table.
Decimal Point
Start
1
kilometer
0
0
hectometer decameter
End
0
meter
• 1 kilometer = 1000 meters
decimeter Centimeter millimeter
Example #2
• To convert 1 millimeter to meters (convert smaller to
larger), move the decimal 1 place to the LEFT and
add zeros where needed for the number of places
you move down the table.
Decimal Point
End
kilometer
hectometer decameter
meter
• 1 millimeter = 0.001 meters
0
0
Start
1
decimeter Centimeter millimeter
Scientific Notation
• Scientific Notation is a short way of representing very large
numbers or very small numbers.
• Numbers in scientific notation are written in the form: a x 10ᵇ
• The value of “a” is usually a number between 1 and 10.
• With a decimal, locate the decimal point and move it to the
left or right until it is immediately after the numeral that
becomes “a”.
• The exponent “b” tells how many places the decimal point is
moved.
• If the decimal moves to the left, “b” will be positive. If the
decimal moves to the right, “b” will be negative.
Scientific Notation Example Problems
• The speed of light is 300,000,000 m/s, what is
this measurement in scientific notation?
300,000,000.
Move the decimal 8 places to
the left until it reaches the 3.
“a” = 3
“b” = 8 (for the amount of places the decimal was moved,
and positive because the decimal was moved to the left).
Answer: Speed of light = 3 x 10⁸ m/s
Scientific Notation Example Problems
• The size of a particular plant cell is 0.00004 m.
What is this measurement in scientific notation?
0.00004
Move the decimal 5 places to the right
until it reaches the right side of the 4.
“a” = 4
“b” = -5 (for the amount of places the decimal was moved,
and negative because it was moved to the right).
Answer: Size of plant cell = 4 x 10⁻⁵ m
Accuracy and Precision
• Accuracy is a description of how close a measurement is
to the true value of the quantity being measured.
• The smaller the difference between the measurement and
the true value, the more accurate the measurement is.
• Precision is the exactness of the measurement.
• A precise measurement is repeatable and reliable.
• If a high precision measurement is repeated, the number
obtained will be the same or very nearly the same.
Estimating Measurements
• People can make estimations when doing
everyday tasks like rearranging furniture.
• Scientists may estimate to see if the data they
collected is reasonable.
• Scientists may also estimate to determine
which tool is best suited for making the
measurements they need.