• Expectancy Theory
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Expectancy theory
Expectancy theory proposes that an
individual will decide to behave or act
in a certain way because they are
motivated to select a specific behavior
over other behaviors due to what they
expect the result of that selected
behavior will be
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Expectancy theory
Expectancy theory is about the mental
processes regarding choice, or choosing.
It explains the processes that an individual
undergoes to make choices. In the study
of organizational behavior, expectancy
theory is a motivation theory first proposed
by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of
Management.
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Expectancy theory - Author
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In 1964, Vroom developed the Expectancy
theory through his study of the motivations
behind decision making. His theory is
relevant to the study of management.
Currently, Vroom is a John G. Searle
Professor of Organization and
Management at the Yale University School
of Management.
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Expectancy theory - Key elements
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Vroom introduces three variables within
the expectancy theory which are valence
(V), expectancy (E) and instrumentality (I)
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Expectancy theory - Key elements
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Three components of Expectancy theory:
Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence
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Expectancy theory - Valence- V(R)
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Expectancy Theory of motivation can help
managers understand how individuals
make decisions regarding various
behavioral alternatives. The model below
shows the direction of motivation, when
behavior is energized:
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Expectancy theory - Management
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Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory is one such
management theory focused on motivation
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Expectancy theory - Management
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Expectancy Theory, though well known in
work motivation literature, is not as familiar
to scholars or practitioners outside that
field.
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Expectancy theory - Models of Teacher Expectancy Effects
These findings are particularly
relevant because they show a form of
the expectancy theory and how
teachers have certain expectations of
students and how they treat the
students differently because of those
expectations.
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Expectancy theory - Criticisms
Edward Lawler claims that the
simplicity of expectancy theory is
deceptive because it assumes that if
an employer makes a reward, such as
a financial bonus or promotion,
enticing enough, employees will
increase their productivity to obtain
the reward
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Expectancy theory - Criticisms
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Lawler argues that since there have been
a variety of developments of expectancy
theory since its creation in 1964; the
expectancy model needs to be updated
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Expectancy theory - Criticisms
Instead of just looking at expectancy and
instrumentality, W.F. Maloney and J.M.
McFillen found that expectancy theory could
explain the motivation of those individuals
who were employed by the construction
industry. For instance, they used worker
expectancy and worker instrumentality.
Worker expectancy is when supervisors
create an equal match between the worker
and their job. Worker instrumentality is when
an employee knows that any increase in their
performance leads to achieving their goal.
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Expectancy theory - Criticisms
In a chapter entitled "On the Origins of
Expectancy Theory" published in Great
Minds in Management by Ken G. Smith
and Michael A. Hitt, Vroom himself agreed
with some of these criticisms and stated
that he felt that the theory should be
expanded to include research conducted
since the original publication of his book.
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Expectancy theory - Related theories
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Expectancy Theory of Motivation (Porter &
Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964) is one of the
process theories. This theory is a model of
behavioral choice, that is, as an explanation
of why individuals choose one behavioral
option over others. In doing so, it explains the
behavioral direction process. It does not
attempt to explain what motivates individuals,
but rather how they make decisions to
achieve the end they value.
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Expectancy theory - Further reading
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Droar, D. (2006). Expectancy theory of
motivation. Retrieved October 2, 2010,
from
http://www.arrod.co.uk/archive/conc
ept_vroom.php
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Work motivation - Expectancy theory
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According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory,
an employee will work smarter and/or
harder if he believes his additional efforts
will lead to valued rewards. Expectancy
theory explains this increased output of
effort by means of the equation
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Work motivation - Expectancy theory
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Expectancy theory has been shown to have useful
applications in designing a reward system
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Work motivation - Expectancy theory
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Expectancy theory posits employee
satisfaction to be an outcome of
performance rather than the cause of
performance
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Work motivation - Expectancy theory
Expectancy theory has been shown to
have greater validity in research in withinsubject designs rather than betweensubjects designs. That is, it is more useful
in predicting how an employee might
choose among competing choices for their
time and energy, rather than predicting the
choices two different employees might
make.
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Employee motivation - Vroom's expectancy theory
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The expectancy theory of motivation was
established by Victor Vroom with the belief
that motivation is based on the expectation
of desired outcomes
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Language expectancy theory
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'Language Expectancy Theory' ('LET') is a
theory of persuasion.M. Burgoon and
Miller, 1985; M. Burgoon, Hunsaker
Dawson, 1994; M. Burgoon, Jones
Stewart, 1975 The theory assumes
language is a rules-based system, in
which people develop expected norms as
to appropriate language usage in given
situationsM. Burgoon and Miller. 1985
Furthermore, unexpected linguistic usage
can affect the receiver's behavior
resulting from attitudes towards a
persuasive message.
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Language expectancy theory - Violations
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Usually people use language to conform to
social norms; but a person's intentional or
accidental deviation from expected
behavior can have either a positive or
negative reaction.Language Expectancy
Theory assumes that language is a rulegoverned system and people develop
expectations concerning the language or
message strategies employed by others in
persuasive attempts (Burgoon, 1995)
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Language expectancy theory - Summary of Propositions
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Language expectancy theory is based on
17 propositions. Those propositions can
be summarized as listed below:
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Irving Kirsch - Response expectancy theory
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Kirsch’s response expectancy theory is based on
the idea that what people experience depends
partly on what they expect to experience.
According to Kirsch, this is the process that lies
behind the placebo effect and hypnosis. The
theory is supported by research showing that both
subjective and physiological responses can be
altered by changing people’s expectancies. The
theory has been applied to understanding pain,
depression, anxiety disorders, asthma, addictions,
and psychogenic illnesses.
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