AP CALCULUS BC
Section Number:
LECTURE NOTES
Topics: Conics and Calculus
MR. RECORD
Day: 1 of 1
10.1
As you may have learned in Second Year Algebra, each conic section (or simply conic) can be described as the
intersection of a plane and a double-napped cone.
Whenever the intersecting plane does not pass through
the vertex of the cone, we form our conic sections.
However, if the intersecting plane was to pass through
the vertex of the cone, we form degenerate conics.
There are several ways to study conics. One such way is very similar to that of Greeks between 600 and 300 B.C.
whereby one defines the conic in terms of the intersections above, or one could define them algebraically in terms of
of the general second-degree equation:
Ax 2  Bxy  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
However, a third approach, in which each of the conics is defined as a locus (a collection) of points satisfying a
certain geometric property, works best. For example, a circle can be defined as the collection of all points ( x, y ) that
are equidistant from a fixed point ( h, k ) . This locus definition easily produces the standard equation of a circle.
( x  h)2  ( y  k )2  r 2
PARABOLAS
A parabola is the set of all points ( x, y ) that are equidistant from a fixed line
called the directrix and a fixed point called the focus not on the line. The
midpoint between the focus and the directrix is the vertex, and the line
passing through the focus and the vertex is the axis of symmetry of the
parabola.
THEOREM 10.1 STANDARD EQUATION OF A PARABOLA
The standard form of the equation of a parabola with vertex ( h, k ) and
directrix y  k  p is ( x  h)2  4 p( y  k )
Vertical Axis
For directrix x  h  p , the equation is ( y  k )2  4 p( x  h) Horizontal Axis
The focus lies on the axis p units (directed distance) from the vertex. The
coordinates of the focus are as follows.
( h, k  p )
Vertical Axis
( h  p, k )
Horizontal Axis
Ex: 1
Example 1: Finding the Focus of a Parabola.
Find the focus of the parabola given by the equation y 
1
1
 x  x2 .
2
2
A line segment that passes through the focus of a parabola and has endpoints on the parabola is called the focal
chord. The specific focal chord perpendicular to the axis of the parabola is called the latus rectum.
Example 2: Focal Chord Length and Arc Length.
Find the length of the latus rectum of the parabola given by the equation x 2  4 py .
Then find the length of the parabola arc intercepted by the latus rectum.
THEOREM 10.2 REFLECTIVE PROPERTY OF A PARABOLA
Let P be a point on the parabola. The tangent line to the parabola at the
point P makes equal angles with the following two lines.
1. The line passing through P and the focus.
2. The line passing through P parallel to the axis of the parabola.
ELLIPSES
From Copernicus c. 1500 AD to Kepler c. 1600 AD
An ellipse is the set of all points ( x, y ) in which the sum of the distances from two distinct fixed points called foci is
constant. The line passing through the foci intersects the ellipse at two points called vertices. The chord joining
these vertices is called the major axis and its midpoint is called the center of the ellipse. The chord perpendicular to
the major axis at the center is the minor axis.
THEOREM 10.3 STANDARD EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE
The standard form of the equation of an ellipse with center ( h, k ) and major and minor axes
of length 2a and 2b, where a > b, is
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2

1
a2
b2
Major axis is horizontal
or
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2

1
b2
a2
Major axis is vertical
2
2
2
The foci lie on the major axis, c units from the center, with c  a  b .
Example 3: Analyzing an Ellipse.
Find the center, vertices and foci of the ellipse given by 4 x 2  y 2  8x  4 y  8  0 .
Example 4: The Orbit of the Moon.
The moon orbits Earth in an elliptical path with the center of Earth at one focus, as
shown n the figure. The major and minor axes of the orbit have lengths of 768,800
kilometers and 767,640 kilometers respectively. Find the greatest and least
distances (the apogee and perigee) from Earth’s center to the moon’s center.
THEOREM 10.4 REFLECTIVE PROPERTY OF AN ELLIPSE
Let P be a point on the ellipse. The tangent line to the ellipse at point P
makes equal angles with the lines through P and the foci.
DEFINITION OF ECCENTRICITY OF AN ELLIPSE
The eccentricity e of an ellipse is given by the ratio
c
e
a
Note: The closer the foci are to the center of the ellipse, the smaller the value of e and the more “circular”
the ellipse looks.
Example 5: The Area of an Ellipse.
Use integration to show that the area of an ellipse is A   ab .
Example 6: The Circumference of an Ellipse.
 /2
Show that the circumference of an ellipse is 4a  1  e 2 sin 2  d .
0
HYPERBOLAS
The definition of a hyperbola is similar to that of an ellipse. For an ellipse, the sum of the distances
between the foci and a point on the ellipse is fixed, whereas for a hyperbola, the absolute value of the
difference between these distances is fixed.
A hyperbola is the set of all points ( x, y ) for which the absolute value of the difference between the
distances from two distinct fixed points called foci is constant. The line passing through the two foci
intersects a hyperbola at two points called the vertices. The line segment connecting the vertices is the
transverse axis, and the midpoint of the transverse axis is the center of the hyperbola. One distinguishing
feature of a hyperbola is that it has two branches.
THEOREM 10.5 STANDARD EQUATION OF A
HYPERBOLA
The standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with center at
( h, k ) is
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2

1
a2
b2
Transverse axis is horizontal
or
( y  k ) 2 ( x  h) 2

1
a2
b2
Transverse axis is vertical
The vertices are a units from the center, and the foci are c units from the
2
2
2
center, with c  a  b .
DEFINITION OF ECCENTRICITY OF A HYPERBOLA
The eccentricity e of a hyperbola is given by the ratio
c
e
a
Example 7: A Hyperbolic Detection System.
Two microphones, 1 mile apart, record an explosion. Microphone A receives the sound 2 seconds before
microphone B. Where was the explosion?