World Exploration Results Colonies • Colonies are lands controlled by other nations • Once this “New World” had been discovered there was a scramble to claim as much land as possible New Colonial Rivals Colonies • Britain's colonies: Maine to Georgia • France’s colonies: Canada/ Mid-West United States • Spain’s colonies: Mexico and South America • Portugal’s colonies: Brazil Jacques Cartier: France • French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. • He was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canada's" Francis Drake • He also carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580. He died of dysentery in January 1596 • His exploits were legendary, making him a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards Colonies: Spain and Portugal • Encomienda System • In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. • In theory, the receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith: in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products. • In practice, the difference between encomienda and slavery could be minimal. Natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. Hacienda Britain's Colonies • 1st Colony: Jamestown in 1607 • Puritans = Pilgrims settle the northern New England colonies • Eventually the colonies would number 13 from Maine to Georgia France’s Colonies • New France – the territory of New France extended from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. The territory was then divided into five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Louisiana French and Indian War • War between Britain's colonies and France’s colonies – Native Americans sided with both in order to regain territory they lost to the opposing colonies • The war was waged for land and profits • In the end the British won Mercantilism • Between 1600 and 1800 most of the states of western Europe were heavily influenced by a policy usually known as mercantilism. Mercantilism • an economic theory that states that the world only contained a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a countries wealth, one country had to take some wealth from another either through having a higher import/export ratio or in actual conquest of new lands and resources. Mercantilism The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Favorable Balance of Trade • Regulated commerce could produce a favorable balance of trade. • In general, tariffs should be high on imported manufactured goods and low on imported raw material. Fleets • Sea power was necessary to control foreign markets. • A powerful merchant fleet would obviate the necessity of using the ships of another nation and becoming dependent on foreign assistance. • In addition, a fleet in being could add to a nation's prestige and military power. New Weapons Technology Zones of world economy • Core nations (mostly European) profited from the world economy. – Controlled international banking and commercial services – Exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials • Dependent economic zones are the regions within the world economy that produced raw materials – They were dependent upon European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor Lead to: • • • • • • • Competition between nations Navigation and other Trade Acts Avoidance of tariffs Need for large labor force Slave Trade Conflict on the seas Larger Ships more maneuverable ships The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas. Triangle Trade Slave Ship “Coffin” Position Below Deck The Middle Passage • This was the time from when an African was caught to being brought to the Americas and sold • About 20% of slaves would die from starvation and disease Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade