The
GPC 355
Special Education
Developmentally
Challenged
And the
Gifted
Unit 9
Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC
METU-NCC
Spring 2014
Plan for the day
Some basic definitions
Developmental disability is a term that refers to a variety of
conditions that result from severe chronic conditions that are either
mental and/or physical.
Developmental disabilities impact individuals in a variety of ways
including:
• Language
• Mobility
• Learning
• Self-help
• Independent living
Developmental disabilities can be detected early on, and do persist
throughout an individual's lifespan.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) causes autism and intellectual disability among boys.
Down syndrome is a condition in which people are born with an extra chromosome.
Normally a person is born with 46 chromosomes. But however if they're born with Down
syndrome, it means they have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes. This extra
copy changes the body’s and brain’s normal development and causes mental and
physical struggles for the individual.
Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of developmental disabilities that
can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a group of conditions that can occur in a
person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. FASDs are 100% preventable if a
woman does not drink alcohol during pregnancy.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and
maintain balance and posture. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood.
Mental retardation is defined as an IQ below 70 along with limitations in adaptive
functioning and onset before the age of 18 years.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Mental Retardation (MR) or
Intellectual disability (ID)
Source: Center for Disease Control
Please take a few minutes and write down 5 adjectives that might
describe someone with “low IQ”
Who is “gifted”…….?
Who is “developmentally
challenged”…..?
Most common developmental disabilities
Mental Retardation (MR) or Intellectual disability (ID)
This general learning disability is a generalized disorder appearing before
adulthood
Characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning (IQ<70) and
deficits in two or more adaptive
behaviors.
It was historically defined as an intelligence quotient score under 70.
Once focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition now includes both a
component relating to mental functioning and one relating to individuals'
functional skills in their environments.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Normal intellectual Development Equation
Intellectual
Development
Genetic
Endowment
+
Source: Center for Disease Control
=
Life
Experience
Most common developmental disabilities
Mental Retardation (MR) or Intellectual disability (ID)
Intellectual disability is subdivided into
non-syndromic intellectual disability (NSID), in
which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities. (CulturalFamilial Retardation)
syndromic intellectual disability (SID), in which
intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral conditions.
Down’s Syndrome,
Cerebral Palsy,
Autism,
Fragile X Syndrome,
trauma,
etc.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which
intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities. (Cultural-Familial
Retardation)
This form of ID is thought to
result from socio-cultural
deprivation….particularly
during the developmental
period.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Cultural-Familial Retardation
Poverty
Isolation
Limited/Poor
education
Source: Center for Disease Control
NSID
Most common developmental disabilities
Organic Causes of ID (SID)
Genetic
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Organic Causes of ID
Prematurity/
trauma
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Organic Causes of ID
Malnutrition
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Organic Causes of ID
Infections
Toxins
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Organic Causes of ID
Ionizing
Radiation
Source: Center for Disease Control
Adaptive Behaviors
In addition to a measured IQ < 70 the second defining feature of intellectual disabilities
(ID, formerly mental retardation) is the limited development of life skills. These
important skills enable us to live in a safe and socially responsible manner. These skills
are collectively referred to as adaptive functioning.
Adaptive functioning is affected by three basic skill sets.
1. Conceptual skills. This includes reading, numbers, money, time, and
communication skills.
2. Social skills. These skills help us to get along well with others. These skills
include understanding and following social rules and customs; obeying
laws; and detecting the motivations of others in order to avoid victimization
and deception.
3. Practical life skills. These are the skills needed to perform the activities of
daily living. This includes feeding, bathing, dressing, occupational skills,
and navigational skills.
Source: Seven Counties Mental Health Center
Most common developmental disabilities
Specific ID Causes
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Environmental Exposure to Toxins
Medical Causes of Intellectual Disabilities: Infections and Brain Damage
Genetic Causes of Intellectual Disabilities:
Down Syndrome
Williams Syndrome
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
Cockayne Syndrome
Cornelia De Lange Syndrome (CdLS)
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome (RTS),
Fragile X Syndrome
Angelman Syndrome
Laurence-Moon Syndrome
Cri du Chat Syndrome
Tay-Sachs disease
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)
Psychiatric Causes of Intellectual Disabilities
Source: Seven Counties Mental Health Center
Most common developmental disabilities
ID Classifications
Level
Educable
Trainable
Range
50-70 IQ
25-50 IQ
Severe/Profound
<25 IQ
Source: Seven Counties Mental Health Center
ID
Gifted
Classification Schemes for IQ
Current Wechsler (WAIS–IV, WISC–IV, WPPSI–IV) IQ
classification
IQ Range ("deviation IQ")
IQ Classification
130 and above
Very Superior
120–129
Superior
110–119
High Average
90–109
Average
80–89
Low Average
70–79
Borderline
69 and below
Extremely Low
Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition (SB5) classification
IQ Range ("deviation IQ")
IQ Classification
145–160
Very gifted or highly advanced
130–144
Gifted or very advanced
120–129
Superior
110–119
High average
90–109
Average
80–89
Low average
70–79
Borderline impaired or delayed
55–69
Mildly impaired or delayed
40–54
Moderately impaired or delayed
Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition (SB5) classification
IQ Range ("deviation IQ")
IQ Classification
145–160
Very gifted or highly
advanced
130–144
Gifted or very advanced
120–129
Superior
110–119
High average
90–109
Average
80–89
Low average
70–79
Borderline impaired or
delayed
55–69
Mildly impaired or delayed
40–54
Moderately impaired or
delayed
Most common developmental disabilities
Common problems of individuals with ID
Impulse control
Frustration tolerance
Low Self-Esteem
Limited ability to make cause/effect associations
Source: Seven Counties Mental Health Center
Most common developmental disabilities
Fragile X syndrome (FXS),
(Martin–Bell syndrome), is a genetic syndrome
that is the most widespread single-gene cause of
autism and inherited cause of intellectual disability
especially among boys.
It results in a spectrum of intellectual disabilities
ranging from mild to severe as well as physical
characteristics such as an elongated face, large or
protruding ears, and large testes (macroorchidism), and behavioral characteristics such as
stereotypic movements (e.g. hand-flapping), and
social anxiety.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Prominent
characteristics of the
syndrome include an
elongated face, large
or protruding ears, and
low muscle tone.
Most common developmental disabilities
Fragile X syndrome (FXS),
Frequency: 1 in 4,000 males
1 in 8,000 females
Cause: Mutations in the FMR1
gene cause fragile X syndrome.
The FMR1 gene provides
instructions for making a protein
called fragile X mental
retardation 1 protein, or FMRP.
This protein is critical in the
proper development of nerve
synapses.
Source: U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Most common developmental disabilities
Fragile X syndrome (FXS),
Symptoms:
Speech and Language delay by age 2.
Most males and 1/3 of females are intellectually disabled.
Anxiety and hyperactive behavior such as fidgeting or
impulsive actions.
They may have attention deficit disorder (ADD), which
includes an impaired ability to maintain attention and
difficulty focusing on specific tasks.
1/3 have features of autism spectrum disorders that affect
communication and social interaction.
Most males and about half of females with fragile X
syndrome have characteristic physical features that become
more apparent with age. These features include a long and
narrow face, large ears, a prominent jaw and forehead,
unusually flexible fingers, flat feet, and in males, enlarged
testicles (macroorchidism) after puberty.
Source: U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Most common developmental disabilities
Down syndrome (DS)
Down's syndrome,
(Trisomy 21)
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Down's syndrome,
DS
Genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part
of a third copy of chromosome 21.
Physical growth delays
Characteristic facial features and mild to moderate
intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult
with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental
age of an 8 or 9 year old child, but this varies widely.
Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy
by prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing,
or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing.
Since the introduction of screening, pregnancies with
the diagnosis are often terminated.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Down's syndrome,
DS
Frequency: 1 in 691 births
Symptoms
•Common physical signs include:
•Decreased muscle tone at birth
•Excess skin at the nape of the neck
•Flattened nose
•Separated joints between the bones of the skull (sutures)
•Single crease in the palm of the hand
•Small ears
•Small mouth
•Upward slanting eyes
•Wide, short hands with short fingers
Source: National Institute of Mental Health
Most common developmental disabilities
Down's syndrome,
DS
•Physical development is often slower than
normal. Most children with Down syndrome
never reach their average adult height.
•Children may also have delayed mental and
social development. Common problems may
include:
•Impulsive behavior
•Poor judgment
•Short attention span
•Slow learning
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Down's syndrome,
DS
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
DS
Source: Center for Disease Control
Down's syndrome,
Most common developmental disabilities
DS
Quality educational
programs, a
stimulating home
environment, good
health care, and
positive support
from family, friends
and the community
enable people with
Down syndrome to
develop their full
potential and lead
fulfilling lives. -
Source: Center for Disease Control
Down's syndrome,
Most common developmental disabilities
Pervasive
Developmental
Disorders (PDD),
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
PDD
•Symptoms of PDD may include behavioral and communication
problems such as:
•Difficulty using and understanding language
•Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; for example, lack
of eye contact, pointing behavior, and lack of facial responses
•Unusual play with toys and other objects
•Difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings
•Repetitive body movements or behavior patterns, such as hand
flapping, hair twirling, foot tapping, or more complex movements
•Inability to cuddle or be comforted
•Difficulty regulating behaviors and emotions, which may result in
temper tantrums, anxiety, and aggression.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
The Five Disorders of PDD
Childhood
Disintegrative Disorder
PDD-NOS
Asperger’s Syndrome
Autism
Rett’s Syndrome
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
PDD
Atypical autism (PDD-NOS)
Pervasive development disorder, not
otherwise specified (PDD-NOS): This
category is used to refer to children who
have significant problems with
communication and play, and some
difficulty interacting with others, but are
too social to be considered autistic. It's
sometimes referred to as a milder form of
autism.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
PDD
Autism, the best-known;
Autism: Children with autism have problems
with social interaction, pretend play, and
communication. They also have a limited range
of activities and interests. Many -- nearly three
out of every four -- children with autism also
have some degree of intellectual disability.
Children with autism can frequently have
seizures as well as low muscle tone. They also
have underlying anxiety and resistance to
change.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
PDD
Asperger’s syndrome;
Asperger’s syndrome: Like children with autism,
children with Asperger's syndrome have difficulty with
social interaction and communication. They also have a
narrow range of interests. However, children with
Asperger's have average or above average intelligence
and develop normally in the areas of language and
cognition (the mental processes related to thinking and
learning). Children with Asperger's often have difficulty
concentrating and may have poor coordination.
Asperger's is usually not recognized until children have
enough language skills to show a limited focus and
unusual patterns of speech.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
PDD
Asperger’s
syndrome
Frequently described
as unusual or socially
immature and
awkward. Seem
unaffected by others
and are often seen as
insensitive or unaware
of the feelings of
others.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Dr. Sheldon Cooper, Big Bang Theory
Most common developmental disabilities
PDD
Rett’s syndrome
Children with this very rare disorder have the
symptoms associated with a PDD and also
suffer problems with physical development.
They generally suffer the loss of many motor or
movement skills -- such as walking and use of
their hands -- and develop poor coordination.
This condition has been linked to a defect on
the X chromosome, so it almost always affects
girls.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
PDD
Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD): Children
with this rare condition begin their development
normally in all areas, physical and mental. At some
point, usually between 2 and 10 years of age, a child
with this illness loses many of the skills he or she has
developed. In addition to the loss of social and
language skills, a child with disintegrative disorder may
lose control of other functions, including bowel and
bladder control. Not all medical scientists agree that
CDD should be considered a distinct disorder separate
from other disorders in what is known as the autism
spectrum.
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Source: Center for Disease Control
Most common developmental disabilities
Definition: Cerebral palsy is a disorder of
movement, muscle tone or posture that is
caused by an insult to the immature,
developing brain, most often before birth.
Individuals with CP typically demonstrate:
Impaired movement associated with exaggerated reflexes,
floppiness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk,
abnormal posture,
involuntary movements,
unsteadiness of walking,
or some combination of these.
Source: Mayo Clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
Individuals with CP typically demonstrate:
difficulty with swallowing
eye muscle imbalance
reduced range of motion (ROM)
some can walk but many others can not.
intellectual functioning: Normal to well below normal
Epilepsy
blindness
deafness
Individual with CP often have underlying developmental brain
abnormalities.
Source: Mayo Clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
Symptoms of CP
Variations in muscle tone, such as being either too stiff or too floppy
Stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticity)
Stiff muscles with normal reflexes (rigidity)
Lack of muscle coordination (ataxia)
Tremors or involuntary movements
Slow, writhing movements (athetosis)
Delays in reaching motor skills milestones, such as pushing up on arms, sitting up
alone or crawling
Favoring one side of the body, such as reaching with only one hand or dragging a
leg while crawling
Difficulty walking, such as walking on toes, a crouched gait, a scissors-like gait
with knees crossing or a wide gait
Excessive drooling or problems with swallowing
Difficulty with sucking or eating
Delays in speech development or difficulty speaking
Difficulty with precise motions, such as picking up a crayon or spoon
Source: Mayo Clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
Symptoms of CP
Brain abnormalities associated with cerebral palsy
also may contribute to other neurological problems.
People with cerebral palsy may also have:
Difficulty with vision and hearing
Intellectual disabilities
Seizures
Abnormal touch or pain perceptions
Oral diseases
Mental health (psychiatric) conditions
Urinary incontinence
Source: Mayo Clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
The Journey of Lia Sintras - Cerebral Palsy Conquerer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLFiyfPWrUs
Source: Mayo Clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
Fetal alcohol
syndrome
Source: Mayo clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition that results from alcohol
exposure during pregnancy. Problems that may be caused by fetal alcohol
syndrome include physical deformities, mental retardation, learning
disorders, vision difficulties and behavioral problems.
The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome are
no
irreversible.
There is
amount of alcohol that's known to be safe to consume during
pregnancy. If you drink during pregnancy, you place your baby at risk of fetal
alcohol syndrome.
Source: Mayo clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome isn't a single birth defect.
It's a cluster of related problems and the most
severe of a group of consequences of prenatal
alcohol exposure. Collectively, the range of
disorders is known as fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders (FASDs).
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a common — yet
preventable — cause of mental retardation.
Source: Mayo clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Distinctive facial features, including small eyes, an exceptionally thin upper
lip, a short, upturned nose, and a smooth skin surface between the nose
and upper lip
Deformities of joints, limbs and fingers
Slow physical growth before and after birth
Vision difficulties or hearing problems
Small head circumference and brain size (microcephaly)
Poor coordination
Mental retardation and delayed development
Learning disorders
Abnormal behavior, such as a short attention span, hyperactivity, poor
impulse control, extreme nervousness and anxiety
Heart defects
Source: Mayo clinic
Most common developmental disabilities
The FAS child
Most common developmental disabilities
The FAS child
Most common developmental disabilities
Causes of FAS…….
Alcohol is bad for the
baby at all times but
especially during the
1st trimester.
Source: Mayo clinic
The Gifted
The other group of special needs students
Gifted Range
The Gifted
Gifted education (also known as Gifted and Talented Education (GATE),
Talented and Gifted (TAG), or G/T) is a broad term for special practices,
procedures, and theories used in the education of children who have been
identified as gifted or talented. There is no standard global definition of what a
gifted student is.
"gifted“ = outstanding aptitude or competence
"aptitude“ = exceptional ability to learn or reason.
"Competence" = is achievement in the top 10% of
the population.
Source: National Association for Gifted Education: http://nagc.org/index2.aspx?id=6404
Gifted: Intellectually or academically
superior…..High IQ and Superior
Academic Achievement
Talented: Possessing
extraordinary skill or
ability…..Music, art, dance,
mechanical understanding,
Source: National Association for Gifted Education: http://nagc.org/index2.aspx?id=6404
Gifted and Talented Education
Goal of Special Education: To promote
maximum development and optimal
functioning……Be the best you can be!
Gifted and Talented Programs seek to :
•Identify students with extraordinary ability and aptitude
(including underachievers)
•Provide accelerated and enriched educational experiences
The big question is how best to do it?????
Inclusion, Mainstreaming, Segregation,
Special Schools????
Source: New South Wales Department of Education
Gifted and Talented Education
Intellectual traits
Personality traits
Exceptional reasoning ability
Intellectual curiosity
Rapid learning rate
Facility for abstraction
Complex thought processes
Vivid imagination
Early moral concern
Passion for learning
Powers of concentration
Analytical thinking
Divergent thinking/creativity
Keen sense of justice
Capacity for reflection
Insightful
Need to understand
Need for mental stimulation
Perfectionism
Need for precision/logic
Excellent sense of humour
Sensitivity/empathy
Intensity
Perseverance
Acute self-awareness
Nonconformity
Questioning rules/authority
Tendency to introversion
Source: New South Wales Department of Education
Gifted and Talented Education
Techniques used to assess a
student’s readiness for
accelerated placement.
•standardised tests of achievement and general ability
•multidimensional testing
•behavioural checklists
•reports from class teachers
•products and performance
•class grades
•a report from the local school counsellor
•interviews with the student
•interviews with the student’s parents/caregivers
•anecdotal records
•evidence of any academic prizes or awards the student has received
•evidence of the student’s extracurricular activities, interests and
abilities.
Source: New South Wales Department of Education
Gifted and Talented Education
Techniques used to assess emotional and social
readiness for accelerated placement.
observation of interaction with peers over a reasonable time period
evidence of the student’s maturity, social skills and participation in activities
beyond the school environment, e.g. out-of-school hobbies, interests,
participation
the student’s level of self-esteem and motivation
consideration of the student’s adjustment to problems and decision-making
skills
the student’s participation in extracurricular school activities
the relative benefits of acceleration versus enrichment
anecdotal evidence from teachers and parents/caregivers.
Source: New South Wales Department of Education
Gifted and Talented Education
Techniques used to assess emotional
and social readiness for accelerated
placement.
1. Curriculum compacting: the student is given less drill and repetition and
moves faster through the curriculum.
2. Curriculum telescoping: the student spends less time than usual in a
course of study.
3. Mentorships: the student learns with a mentor who provides
skills in a specialised area at the appropriate pace.
4. Extracurricular programs: Course work or summer programs e.g. fast-paced
language or science courses.
5. Early graduation: the student graduates from high school or
college/university in less than usual time.
Source: New South Wales Department of Education
A note about
presentations…..
1.
Please come prepared.
Postponements will NOT be granted.
2.
Please come prepared to submit your
presentation…a copy will be made to
share with colleagues.
3.
Please show both courtesy and
respect to your colleagues by
attending the presentations…asking
questions….or otherwise participating
in this experience.
4.
Please put your ego on the “back
burner”….No one expects your
English to be perfect….it’s only
important that you try and want to
share what you’ve learned !!!!!
Presentations Scheduled for April 28
Nurullah Alinak
Learning Disabilities
Emre Basoglu
Panic Disorder
Gizem Cokluk
Gifted Education
Burak Guney
Sensory Disability
Ozge Karagoz
Dysosmia
Gizem Samdan
ADHD
Seher Yildirim
Cerebral Palsy
When you see
Wile E. Coyote
it means that
class is over!
Harika!!