BASICS OF EARNED VALUE MANAGEMENT National Contract Management Association Colorado Springs Colorado June 19, 2008 1 Earned Value Management (EVM) Training Objectives • Understand basic concepts – What EVM is and basic terms • How to evaluate performance – What does it all mean? • How to manage using Earned Value – Now that we know what it is and what it means, what do we do with it? 2 Earned Value Management Systems measure progress Progress = Movement Forward to measure progress, there must be a standard against which the forward movement may be compared EVMS establishes a baseline to measure progress 3 EVM can provide answers to the following questions: • How much have we spent? • How much did we get for our money? • How much more will be have to spend to complete the tasks we wanted to accomplish? • How much longer will it take? • How efficiently is the work being done? • What has happened? (Why are we off schedule/cost?) • What is happening? (What are the impacts?) • What is going to happen? (What are we doing to fix it?) 4 Why use Earned Value Management Systems? “The Bottom Line” • EVM can focus program management attention on critical issues and risks during the “project” life cycle • How are you doing, and how do you know how you are doing? – Early problem identification • Completion Estimates – How far along are you? (64%, 50%, >40%) – What is your productivity/efficiency? – Work remaining 5 Earned Value Management Is Not: • Guarantee of profit • Restricted to projects for the production of a products – EVM can be used in service contracts • Solution for a poorly written statement of work • Magic Bullet 6 Five Basic Elements BCWS Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled BCWP Budgeted Cost of Work Performed ACWP Actual Cost of Work Performed BAC Budget at Completion EAC Estimate at Completion 7 5 Basic Performance Data Questions & Answers QUESTION ANSWER ACRONYM How much work should be done? Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled BCWS How much work is done? Budgeted Cost for Work Performed BCWP How much did the is done work cost? Actual Cost of Work Performed ACWP What was the total job supposed to cost? Budget at Completion BAC What do we now expect the total job to cost? Estimate at Completion EAC 8 What do we measure progress against? and Why? • Performance measurement baseline – Budget that is spread over . . . – Time, to accomplish the scope of – Work, against which progress can be measured • Earned Value is key concept – how much progress did I make against my original plan? – expressed in dollars or hours baseline – Why? – early warning $ earned value 9 time Why do we need Early Warning? Small course corrections are easier when made early… … If you wait until you reach the Iceberg, its too late!!! 10 Terms and Definitions associated with EVM: • It starts with the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) – Based on the WBS a total budget is assigned – Work packages are developed and priced – A process to measure the results of those work packages is put into place – Work packages are tracked for both the dollars and time spent • The result of this effort is developing a Budget at completion (BAC) 11 Work Breakdown Structure Systematic approach to ensuring all program work is recognized and defined into a viable work plan – should include labor and materials for complete picture 1.0 Project – New Marketing Campaign for Dog Food First Level Second Level Third Level 1.1 Printed Media 1.1.1 Magazines 1.1.2 Newspaper inserts 1.2 Electronic Media 1.2.1 Website 1.2.2 TV 1.3 Radio 1.3.1 Local Spots 1.3.2 Regional Spots 12 Organizational Breakdown Structure Identifies the functions and/or people that will do the work New Marketing Campaign for Dog Food assign to the Western Division Admin Asst Chen Chuck’s Design Team Sally For message And theme Juan for Customer interface Regional Media Support John for Computer Graphics Josh Audio Tanya Print Centralized National Support Stan In Accounting Ray Budget Beverly in National Accounts 13 Responsibility Matrix Assigns WBS work to OBS labor Admin Asst - - - - - - - - - - - - graphics audio ------------ 1.1.2 design - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - accounting budget - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.2.1 ------------- --- --------------------------------- 1.1.1 1.2 --------------------------------- OBS 1.1 --------------------------------- WBS -- -- - ---------- 14 CONTRACT BUDGET BASE AUTHORIZED, UNPRICED CONTRACT PRICE PROFITS AND FEES CONTRACT BUDGET BASE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT BASELINE DISTRIBUTED (control accountS) MANAGEMENT RESERVE UNDISTRIBUTED BUDGET WITHHELD FOR UNKNOWNS WITHHELD FOR KNOWN EFFORT 15 ORGANIZATION CONTRACT BUDGET LEDGER MASTER SCHEDULE GENERAL WORK AUTHORIZATION Control Account WBS # ______________ ORG # ______________ TASK DESCRIPTION________________________ SCHEDULE _______________________________ TOTAL BUDGET ________________ WBS ELEMENT ORGANIZATION WORK AUTHORIZATION WORK PACKAGE WP # ________ ORG # _________ SCHEDULE BUDGET COST ACCUMULATION DESCRIPTION ________________ ______________________________ SCHEDULE _________________ BUDGET ___________________ 16 The Control Account A Key Management Control Point Specific functional responsibility Specific WBS responsibility Work planning and assignment Performance measurement Cost collection Variance analysis Corrective action Basis of data summarization 17 CONTRACT BUDGET BASE AUTHORIZED, UNPRICED CONTRACT PRICE PROFITS AND FEES CONTRACT BUDGET BASE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT BASELINE DISTRIBUTED (control accountS) MANAGEMENT RESERVE UNDISTRIBUTED BUDGET WITHHELD FOR UNKNOWNS WITHHELD FOR KNOWN EFFORT 18 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT DATA ELEMENTS UNDISTRIBUTED BUDGET (UB) Budget applicable to contract effort which has not yet been identified to CWBS elements at or below the lowest level of reporting to the Government. KEY: Only used for the effort associated with the contractual change. 19 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT DATA ELEMENTS MANAGEMENT RESERVE (MR) An amount of the total allocated budget withheld for management control purposes rather than designated for the accomplishment of a specific task or set of tasks. KEY: There is no scope of work associated with management reserve budget. 20 PLANNING AND BUDGETING ESTABLISH THE BASELINE - AN ITERATIVE, 3-STEP PROCESS 1. DEFINE THE WORK CONTRACT BUDGET BASE MR 2. SCHEDULE THE WORK $ 3. ALLOCATE BUDGETS 100 40 60 15 25 30 30 TIME 21 Work Budgeted and Earned • The value of the budgeted work is called: Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS) • The value of work earned is called: Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP) – BCWP is also called Earned Value (EV) 22 5 Basic Performance Data Questions & Answers QUESTION ANSWER ACRONYM How much work should be done? Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled BCWS How much work is done? Budgeted Cost for Work Performed BCWP How much did the is done work cost? Actual Cost of Work Performed ACWP What was the total job supposed to cost? Budget at Completion BAC What do we now expect the total job to cost? Estimate at Completion EAC 23 Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS) Total Budget = $5,000 to be spent over 5 months I plan to lay 1 section of track each month at an estimated cost of $1,000. BCWS each month = $1,000 Total BCWS = $5,000 Month 1 BCWS = $1,000 Month 4 BCWS = $1,000 Month 2 BCWS = $1,000 Month 3 BCWS = $1,000 Month 5 BCWS = $1,000 sum of all BCWS = performance baseline 5 Basic Performance Data Questions & Answers QUESTION ANSWER ACRONYM How much work should be done? Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled BCWS How much work is done? Budgeted Cost for Work Performed BCWP How much did the is done work cost? Actual Cost of Work Performed ACWP What was the total job supposed to cost? Budget at Completion BAC What do we now expect the total job to cost? Estimate at Completion EAC 25 Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP) aka. Earned Value Track 1 BCWS = $1,000 Track 2 BCWS = $1,000 50% done We’re at the end of February, Track 1 is complete and track 2 is ½ done. Value of work performed = $1,500 26 BUDGET BASED Schedule Variance BC WS BC WP of the work I scheduled to have done, how much did I budget for it to cost? of the work I actually performed, how much did I budget for it to cost? SCHEDULE VARIANCE is the difference between work scheduled and work performed (expressed in terms of budget dollars) formula: SV $ = BCWP - BCWS example: SV = BCWP - BCWS = $1,500 - $2,000 SV= -$500 (negative = behind schedule) 27 Schedule Variance 5,000 BCWS “the baseline” sv $ BCWP “earned value” TIME 28 5 Basic Performance Data Questions & Answers QUESTION ANSWER ACRONYM How much work should be done? Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled BCWS How much work is done? Budgeted Cost for Work Performed BCWP How much did the is done work cost? Actual Cost of Work Performed ACWP What was the total job supposed to cost? Budget at Completion BAC What do we now expect the total job to cost? Estimate at Completion EAC 29 Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP) • Value is earned as the work is completed and gauged against the schedule proposed for the work • When all work is completed it will have earned its full budgeted value but the actual cost of that work may be different that the amount budgeted… this is referred to as Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP) 30 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT DATA ELEMENTS ACTUAL COST FOR WORK PERFORMED (ACWP) The costs actually incurred and recorded in accomplishing the work performed (BCWP) within a given time period • Labor • Material (Subcontractor/vendor) • Other, computer costs, etc. • Indirect Costs Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP) Track 1 Cost = $1,500! Track 2 Cost = $750 cost to date Total Cost to Date = $2,250 32 BC WP AC WP PERFORMANCE BASED Cost Variance of the work I actually performed, how much did I budget for it to cost? of the work I actually performed, how much did it actually cost? COST VARIANCE is the difference between budgeted cost and actual cost formula: CV $ = BCWP - ACWP example: CV = BCWP - ACWP = $1,500 - $2,250 CV= -$750 (negative = cost overrun) 33 Cost Variance 5,000 ACWP “actual cost” cv $ BCWP “earned value” TIME 34 Variance Summary • The difference between the BCWP and the ACWP is called a cost variance • The difference between the BCWP and BCWS is called schedule variance and is provided in terms of dollars 35 5 Basic Performance Data Questions & Answers QUESTION ANSWER ACRONYM How much work should be done? Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled BCWS How much work is done? Budgeted Cost for Work Performed BCWP How much did the is done work cost? Actual Cost of Work Performed ACWP What was the total job supposed to cost? Budget at Completion BAC What do we now expect the total job to cost? Estimate at Completion EAC 36 Budget at Completion (BAC) BAC $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ time • when all work has been phased, cumulative BCWS = BAC 37 Estimate at Completion (EAC) Just a few little glitches…. We should be able to do the complete job….ack… let’s see, for about $7,000 38 Variance at Completion (VAC) B AC E AC what the total job is supposed to cost what the total job is expected to cost VARIANCE AT COMPLETION is the difference between what the total job is supposed to cost and what the total job is now expected to cost. FORMULA: Example: VAC = BAC - EAC VAC = $5,000 - $7,000 VAC = - $2,000 (negative = overrun) 39 Earned Value Management (EVM) Training Objectives • Understand basic concepts – What EVM is and basic terms • How to evaluate performance – What does it all mean? • How to manage using Earned Value – Now that we know what it is and what it means, what do we do with it? 40 Formulas • Cost variance BCWP – ACWP • Schedule variance BCWP – BCWS • Cost variance in percentage BCWP – ACWP x 100 BCWP • Schedule variance in percent BCWP – BCWS x 100 BCWS Negative variance = cost overrun or behind schedule Positive variance = cost underrun or ahead of schedule 41 Trend Analysis Cost Performance Index (CPI) measure of cost efficiency CPI = Value of Work Completed Cost of Work Completed (BCWP) (ACWP) Schedule Performance Index (SPI) measure of schedule efficiency SPI = Value of Work Completed (BCWP) Value of Work Planned (BCWS) Closer to “1” the better Less than 1 = overrun (CPI); behind schedule (SPI) Greater than 1 = underrun (CPI); ahead of schedule (SPI) 42 Performance Efficiencies • DO I THINK THE CONTRACTOR WILL COME IN ON BUDGET? COST PERFORMANCE INDEX: CPI = cost efficiency for work performed to date (The value of work accomplished for each dollar spent) = BCWP ACWP = WORK ACCOMPLISHED ACTUAL COST = WORK = ACCOMPLISHED ACTUALS $1500 $2250 = .67 SCHEDULE PERFORMANCE INDEX: SPI = schedule efficiency with which work has been accomplished (The rate at which work is being accomplished) = BCWP BCWS = WORK ACCOMPLISHED WORK SCHEDULED = WORK = ACCOMPLISHED WORK SCHEDULED $1500 $2000 = .75 43 EXERCISES • Attendees – Go to your Exercise Packet 44 EVM Exercise BAC = 500 BCWS = 300 BCWP = 320 ACWP = 330 • • • • • What is the cost variance? What is the Schedule variance? What is the Cost Performance Index? What is the Schedule Performance Index? How would you describe this project? 45 Solution BAC = 500 BCWS = 300 BCWP = 320 ACWP = 330 • What is the cost variance? • BCWP – ACWP = -10 • What is the Schedule variance? • BCWP – BCWS = +20 46 Solution BAC = 500 BCWS = 300 BCWP = 320 ACWP = 330 • What is the Cost Performance Index? BCWP/ACWP = .97 • What is the Schedule Performance Index? BCWP/BCWS = 1.07 47 Solution Cost Variance = -10 Schedule Variance = + 20 CPI = .97 SPI = 1.07 • How would you describe this project? Over budget, ahead of schedule 48 Example Of Performance Analysis By WBS Element. The table that follows presents key information for several elements of the contract WBS What can it tell us? Cost Performance Report Work Breakdown Structure Budget Baseline $1.5 mil WBS Element Cumulative Cost To Date (in $000) Budgeted Cost Work Scheduled Actual Cost Work Performed Variance Schedule Cost Budgeted Estimated Variance 1.1 250 250 260 0 (10) 250 260 (10) 1.2 90 85 84 (5) 1 100 100 0 1.3 130 150 155 20 (5) 330 340 (10) 1.4 200 200 185 0 15 250 235 15 1.5 300 310 320 10 (10) 400 415 (15) 1.6 120 120 140 0 (20) 120 140 (20) 1,090 1,115 1,144 1,450 1,490 (40) Subtotal Mgt. Reserve Total Cost At Completion (in $000) 50 1,090 1,115 1,144 1,500 50 1,490 10 50 Graphical Depictions of EVM PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT DATA ELEMENTS BUDGET $ TIME Contract Complete PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT DATA ELEMENTS BUDGET $ CV TIME Contract Complete BCWP Allows Isolation of Schedule and Cost Variances 5,000 BCWS ACWP $ cv sv BCWP TIME schedule variance = BCWP - BCWS = negative number cost variance = BCWP - ACWP = negative number behind schedule, over cost Budget at Complete (BAC), Estimate at Complete (EAC) and Variance at Complete (VAC) Schedule BAC = Sum of BCWS Delay (Planned cost of all work) EAC BAC = $5,000 VAC BAC EAC(kr)* = ACWP plus estimated to complete (ETC) ETC (Actual cost to date plus expected $ cost to finish all work) EAC = $7,000 VAC = BAC-EAC VAC = $5,000-$7,000 VAC = -$2,000 TIME 55 * EAC(kr) = Contractor EAC PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT DATA ELEMENTS BUDGET VAC $ CV TIME SV Contract Complete CPI 1.0 Trend Analysis Using Performance Indexes SPI SPI 1.0 CPI Time 1.0 SPI Time CPI Time 57 Trend Analysis Using Performance Indexes CPI 1.0 SPI CPI 1.0 SPI Time 1.0 SPI Time CPI Time 58 Earned Value Management CPI 1.0 Trend Analysis SPI CPI 1.0 Time 1.0 SPI SPI Time CPI Time 59 Sample combined numerical and graphical display 61 Earned Value Management (EVM) Training Objectives • Understand basic concepts – What EVM is and basic terms • How to evaluate performance – What does it all mean? • How to manage using Earned Value – Now that we know what it is and what it means, what do we do with it? 62 Ways of Earning Value • Earned Value techniques – Discrete • physical, tangible end product – Apportioned • discrete, dependent on another discrete work package • example: quality assurance • planned as historical estimating factor (e.g., 7%) – Level of Effort • • • • • no tangible end product basis of measurement: time when clock starts ticking, you automatically accumulate earned value no schedule variance example: management personnel • Should be a quantitative and discrete way to measure the work • May tie in with success criteria or technical measure • e.g., successful completion of a specific test, QP’s 63 Contractor Reports • Cost Performance Report (CPR) – Format 1: cost and schedule progress by WBS (specified reporting level usually at level 3) – Format 2: cost and schedule progress by organization – Format 3: changes to performance measurement baseline – Format 4: manpower forecast – Format 5: variance analysis 64 Format 1 Block Descriptions Block # 1. Contractor Information - Tells you name and address of contractor 2. Contract Information - Tells name, number, type and Share ratio of contract 3. Program Information- Name and Phase of program 4. Report Period - Beginning and end dates of the report data 5. Contract Data - Includes quantities, prices, fee’s, profit, and ceilings 6. Estimated cost - Estimated cost at completion and variance 7. Contractor Representative - Name, Title, Signature, and Date signed 8. Broken in to sections a through g and in 4 groups of data - Current period - BCWP, BCWS, ACWP, Cost and Schedule Variances - Cumulative to date - BCWP, BCWS, ACWP, Cost and Schedule Variances - Reprogramming Adjustments - Cost Variances and Budget - At Completion - Budgeted, Estimated, and Variance 8a WBS cost data 8b Cost of money 8c General and administrative cost 8d Undistributed money 8e Subtotal (Total without Management Reserve) 8f Management Reserve 8g Total 9a Variance adjustments (Cumulative to Date) 9b Total Contract Variance (Cumulative to Date and At Completion) 65 Format 2: Organizational Categories • Used when contractor organizational structure does not mirror the WBS structure • Provides CPR data in an organizational format 66 Format 3: Baseline • Used to track changes to the performance baseline and future authorized work – Identifies all changes to authorized work during the reporting period – Identifies distribution of any undistributed budget during the reporting period 67 Format 4: Staffing • Provides planned staffing – Current Period – Cumulative to the end of Current Period – Staffing forecast's to end of authorized work – At Completion • Broken down into organizational categories 68 Format 5: Explanation and Problem Analysis • Also called Variance Analysis Report (VAR) • Provides explanations, impact, and corrective actions of WBS that exceed thresholds 69 Variance Explanations • Format 5 variance analysis should address: – separate discussion of CV, SV (current and cum) and VAC – clear description of reason for variance – quantity variances (e.g., price vs. usage) – be specific, not general A big hammer for a big variance! – corrective action – technical, schedule, and cost impacts – impact to estimate at completion 70 Contract Price Earned Value Management ‘Gold Card’ CBB OTB AUW OVERRUN EAC PMB TAB Management Reserve $ Undistributed Budget Summary Level Planning Packages Planning Packages TERMINOLOGY ACWP BCWS BCWP Time Now Control Accounts Work Packages Cost Variance time Management Reserve BAC PMB Schedule Variance Profit / Fees TAB NCC Completion Date VARIANCES Favorable is Positive, Unfavorable is Negative Cost Variance CV = BCWP – ACWP CV % = (CV / BCWP) *100 Schedule Variance SV = BCWP – BCWS SV % = (SV / BCWS) * 100 Variance at Completion VAC = BAC – EAC OVERALL STATUS % Schedule = (BCWSCUM / BAC) * 100 % Complete = (BCWPCUM / BAC) * 100 % Spent = (ACWPCUM / BAC) * 100 NCC AUW CBB OTB TAB BAC PMB MR UB CA Negotiated Contract Cost Authorized Unpriced Work Contract Budget Base Over Target Baseline Total Allocated Budget Budget At Completion Performance Measurement Baseline Management Reserve Undistributed Budget Control Account WP PP BCWS BCWP ACWP EAC Work Package Planning Package Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled Budgeted Cost for Work Performed Actual Cost of Work Performed Estimate At Completion LRE Latest Revised Estimate SLPP Summary Level Planning Package TCPI To Complete Performance Index Contract price less profit / fee(s) Work contractually approved, but not yet negotiated / definitized Sum of NCC and AUW Sum of CBB and recognized overrun Sum of all budgets for work on contract = NCC, CBB, or OTB Total budget for total contract thru any given level Contract time-phased budget plan Budget withheld by Ktr PM for unknowns / risk management Broadly defined activities not yet distributed to CAs Lowest CWBS element assigned to a single focal point to plan & control scope / schedule / budget Near-term, detail-planned activities within a CA Far-term CA activities not yet defined into WPs Value of work planned to be accomplished = PLANNED VALUE Value of work accomplished = EARNED VALUE Cost of work accomplished = ACTUAL COST Estimate of total cost for total contract thru any given level; may be generated by Ktr, PMO, DCMA, etc. = EACKtr / PMO / DCMA Ktr’s EAC or EACKtr Far-term activities not yet defined into CAs Efficiency needed from ‘time now’ to achieve an EAC DoD TRIPWIRE METRICS Favorable is > 1.0, Unfavorable is < 1.0 EVM POLICY: DoDI 5000.2, Table E3.T2 . EVMS in accordance with ANSI/EIA-748 is required for cost or incentive Cost Efficiency CPI = BCWP / ACWP Schedule Efficiency SPI = BCWP / BCWS contracts, subcontracts, intra-government work agreements, & other agreements valued > $20M (Then-Yr $). EVMS contracts > $50M (TY $) require that the EVM system be formally validated by the cognizant contracting officer. Additional Guidance in Defense Acquisition Guidebook and the Earned Value Management Implementation Guide (EVMIG). EVMS is discouraged on Firm-Fixed Price, Level of Effort, & Time & Material efforts regardless of cost. BASELINE EXECUTION INDEX (BEI) (Schedule Metric) BEI = # of Baseline Tasks Actually Completed / # of Baseline Tasks Scheduled for Completion CRITICAL PATH LENGTH INDEX (CPLI) (Schedule Metric) CPLI = (Critical Path Duration + Float Duration (to baseline finish)) / Critical Path Duration TO COMPLETE PERFORMANCE INDEX (TCPI) # § TCPIEAC = Work Remaining / Cost Remaining = (BAC – BCWPCUM) / (EAC – ACWPCUM) ESTIMATE AT COMPLETION # EAC = Actuals to Date + [(Remaining Work) / (Efficiency Factor)] EACCPI = ACWPCUM + [(BAC – BCWPCUM) / CPICUM ] = BAC / CPICUM EACComposite = ACWPCUM + [(BAC – BCWPCUM) / (CPICUM * SPICUM)] # To Determine a Contract Level TCPI or EAC; You May Replace BAC with TAB § To Determine the TCPI BAC or LRE Replace EAC with either BAC or LRE EVM CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS: Non-DoD FAR Clauses – Solicitation – 52.234-2 (Pre-Award IBR) or 52.234-3 (Post Award IBR) – Solicitation & Contract – 52.234-4 DoD( ≥ $20M) DFAR Clauses - 252.234-7001 for solicitations and 252.234-7002 for solicitations & contracts Contract Performance Report – DI-MGMT-81466A * 5 Formats (WBS, Organization, Baseline, Staffing & Explanation) Integrated Master Schedule – DI-MGMT-81650 * (Mandatory for DoD EVMS contracts) Integrated Baseline Review (IBR) - Mandatory for all EVMS contracts * See the EVMIG for CPR and IMS tailoring guidance. EVM Home Page = https://acc.dau.mil/evm eMail Address: EVM.dau@dau.mil DAU POC: (703) 805-5259 (DSN 655) Revised April 2008 71