REVIEW:
PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS &
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(Materials adapted from ANT 522 Intro. to Phonology by Lee
Bickmore, UAlbany)
 Write the phonetic symbols representing
each sound:
 Voiced labiodental fricative
 Voiceless palatal affricate
 Voiced velar nasal
 Voiced palatal fricative
 Voiced labiovelar glide
 Voiced alveolar retroflex
 Write the phonetic symbols representing
each sound:
 High front tense unrounded vowel
 Mid back lax rounded vowel
 Low back lax unrounded vowel
 Mid front tense unrounded vowel
Height
Front-Back
Tense-Lax
Roundness
Place
Manner
Voicing
 What is similar between these sounds:
 [p], [s], [f], [k]
 [y], [tʃ], [dʃ], [ʃ], [ʒ]
 [v], [ð], [m], [ʒ], [a]
 Which one does not fit:
 [f], [θ], [z], [ʤ] [h], [ʒ]
 [v], [g], [s], [u], [e],
 [t], [r], [n], [ŋ], [z]
Main Topics
1. Phonological Analysis: Allophones



Solving data sets on allophones
Using distinctive features
Formulating phonological rules & Underlying
Representations (UR).
2. Morphological Analysis


Finding individual morphemes
Lead up to morpho-phonemic analysis
Phonological Analysis: Allophones
Exercise: Old English
1. Analyze the distribution of [n] and [ŋ]. [x] is a voiceless velar
fricative.
2. Is there any phonological process going on?
Phonological Analysis: Allophones
Exercise: Greek
1. Analyze the sounds: [x, k, ç, c].
• [x] is a voiceless velar fricative
• [ç] is a voiceless palatal fricative
• [c] is a voiceless palatal stop
2. Which sounds are in contrastive distribution?
3. Which sounds are in complementary distribution?
4. What are the phonological rules?
Phonological Analysis: Allophones
Exercise: Igbirra
1. Analyze the sounds: [e] and [a]
2. State the phonological rules.
Phonological Analysis: Allophones
Exercise: Tamil
1. Analyze the sounds: [ʊ] and [ɯ]
2. State the phonological rules.
Morphological Analysis for Phonology
A. Basic assumptions:
1. A morpheme is a meaning unit (which cannot be
further divided into compositional meaning units).
2. Morphemes can combine to make words. E.g. kemerdeka-an.
Morphemes can be divided into: roots and affixes
(Suffix, Prefix, Infix).
3.


Words can have more than 1 affix: ke-ter-buka-an
Words can have more than 1 root=compound words e.g.
sepakbola.
4. There can be homophonous morphemes:
 E.g. a-typical, a; in-correct, in; un-happy, un-tie
B. Foreign words and English glosses
Sometimes 1 English word = 1 Foreign word: Spanish
perro = English dog
Sometimes 1 E morpheme = 1 Foreign morpheme:
Plural perro-s, dog-s
2. What is 2 morphemes in a single word in one lang = 2
separate words in another language.
Spanish: Cant-o = English: I sing
3. Sometimes what is glossed with more than one
morpheme (or word) in Eng. is simply one morpheme
in the other language.
Aztec: ni-chooka ‘I cry’, ti-chooka ‘you cry’, chooka
‘he/she cries’
Conclusion: 3 sg. marker is /ø/ (null morpheme).
4. Sometimes what is glossed with one morpheme in
English is actually two morphemes in FL:
Spanish blanc-a 'white‘ - English : ‘white (Fem)’
Turkish haz-at 'house‘ - English: ‘house (Nom.)’
1.
C. Morphological Parsing:
1.
Format:
 Data most often given in rows and columns, where roots
remain consistent across the row, and the affixal morpheme
remains consistent down the column.
Tahiti
parau ‘speak’
parauraa
‘speaking”
haaparau
‘make speak’
parauhia
‘be spoken’
himene ‘sing’
himeneraa
‘singing’
haahimene
‘make sing’
himenehia
‘be sung’
tomo ‘enter’
tomoraa
‘entering’
haatomo
‘make enter’
tomohia
‘be entered’
C. Morphological Parsing:
2. Analysis:
a. Scan down each column. As a first guess assume that the
affix is the phonological material that the words have in
common.
b. Scan across each row. As a first guess assume that the root
is the phonological material that the words have in common.
Tahiti
parau ‘speak’
parauraa
‘speaking”
haaparau
‘make speak’
parauhia
‘be spoken’
himene ‘sing’
himeneraa
‘singing’
haahimene
‘make sing’
himenehia
‘be sung’
tomo ‘enter’
tomoraa
‘entering’
haatomo
‘make enter’
tomohia
‘be entered’
–ing (gerund) morpheme: _________
Causative (make) morpheme: ________
Passive (‘be’) morpheme: __________
Exercise: Morphological Parsing
singular
Exercise: Morphological Parsing
singular
D. Important notes:
Alternations: One morpheme will sometimes have
two or more ‘allomorphs’.
2. When there are alternations:
1.
a.
b.
c.
Assume alternation in affix
Assume alternation in root
Assume no alternation
3. Alternations must be explained:
a. Choose one allomorph to be the underlying morpheme. This
is usually done by choosing the morpheme with the
alternating sound which has the most varied or widest
distribution.
b. Write a phonological rule or rules which derive the other
allomorphs correctly. You must always make sure that your
rule doesn’t ‘mess up’ other forms in the data.
Exercise: Morphological Alternation