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Web Science & Technologies University of Koblenz ▪ Landau, Germany The Web in Two Slides WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 1 …a short history of the Web… <HTML> Aalta Phone book <HTML> CERN Researcher Aalta 234 789 … Zyström 981 <HTML> Zyström Colleague Tel 981 ~1989 WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 2 Interests… Phone 789 World Wide Web WWW := Hypertext & Internet & Social Phenomenon WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 3 Web Science & Technologies University of Koblenz ▪ Landau, Germany History of the Internet & Web http://www.livinginternet.com/ WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 4 Internet "The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language reflects our definition of the term "Internet". "Internet" refers to the global information system that 1. is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; 2. is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and 3. provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein." On October 24, 1995, the FNC unanimously passed a resolution defining the term Internet. This definition was developed in consultation with the leadership of the Internet and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Communities. → http://www.hpcc.gov/fnc/Internet_res.html [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 5 What does this mean 1. The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks connecting academic, governmental, commercial, and organizational sites. 2. It provides access to communication services and information resources to millions of users around the globe. 3. Internet services include: direct communication (e-mail, IRC-chat) online conferencing (Usenet News, e-mail discussion lists) distributed information resources (World Wide Web, Gopher) remote login and file transfer (telnet, ftp) and many other valuable tools and resources (internet telephony) → The Internet and the WWW are no synonyms [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 6 Creation of ARPANET (1) 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik I United States were shocked Advanced Research Projects Agency Technological think-tank Space, ballistic missiles and nuclear test monitoring Communication between operational base and subcontracters [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 7 Creation of ARPANET (2) 1962 – computer research program Leaded by John Licklider (MIT) Leonard Kleinrock published his first paper on packet-switching theory 1965 – first “wide area network” created Connection between Berkeley and MIT [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 8 Creation of ARPANET (3) 1967 – plans for ARPANET were published MIT – NPL (UK) – RAND 1969 – Interface Message Processor (IMP) 4 computers (UCLA, SRI, UCSB and UTAH) 1971 – 23 host computers (15 nodes) [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 9 From ARPANET to Internet (1) 1972 – ARPANET went ‘public’ ICCC First program for person-to-person communication (e-mail) 1973 75% of all ARPANET traffic is e-mail First international connection (University College of London) [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 10 From ARPANET to Internet (2) 1974 – TCP/IP Each network should work on its own Within each network there would be a ‘gateway’ Packages would be routed through the fastest available route Large mainframe computers Several years of modification and redesign [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 11 From ARPANET to Internet (3) 1974/1982 – Networks launched Telenet – first commercial version of ARPANET MFENet – researchers into Magnetic Fusion Energy HEPNet – researchers into High Energy Physics SPAN – space physicists Usenet – open system focusing on e-mail and newsgroups Bitnet – university scientists using IBM computers CSNet – Computer Scientists in universities, industry and government Eunet – European version of the Unix network EARN – European version of Bitnet [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 12 From ARPANET to Internet (4) 1974/1982 Very chaotic Different competing techniques and protocols ARPANET is still the backbone 1982 – The internet is born using the TCP/IP standard [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 13 From Internet to WWW (1) System expands Advances in computer capacities and speeds Introduction of glass-fibre cables Problems created by its own success More computers are linked (1984 – 1000 hosts) Large volume of traffic (success of e-mail) 1984 – Introduction DNS [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 14 From Internet to WWW (2) Use of internet throughout the higher educational system British government – Joint Academic Network US National Science Foundation – NSFNet NSFNet Use of TCP/IP Federal Agencies share cost of infrastructures NSFNet shared infrastructure Support behind the ‘Internet Activities Board’ NSFNet provided the ‘backbone’ [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 15 From Internet to WWW (3) NSFNet broke the capacity bottleneck encouraged a surge in Internet use • • • • • 1984 – 1,000 hosts 1986 – 5,000 hosts 1987 – 28,000 hosts 1989 – 100,000 hosts 1990 – 300,000 hosts encouraged the development of private Internet providers Commercial users [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 16 From Internet to WWW (4) 1990 – ARPANET was wound up 1990 – first search-engine (Archie) 1991 – NSF removed restrictions on private access “Information superhighway” project [Slides adapted from Bart Meulenbroek, http://de.slideshare.net/leebeomgi/bart-2406939] WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 17 WHERE ARE THE PEOPLE IN THIS PICTURE? 1980s, not on the internet but at WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 18 Prodigy online service that offered its subscribers access to a broad range of networked services, including news, weather, shopping, bulletin boards, games, polls, expert columns, banking, stocks, travel, and a variety of other features. WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 19 Compuserve Started for renting time on PDP-10 Consumer information services (CIS), from 1978 onwards Computers were idle in the evening online services to PC users. Email 1978 Chat 1980 File transfer Online games Forums First Internet provider 1989 For email 1997 full embrace of WWW standards WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 20 AOL Founded 1983 for online service for games for Atari video console Later C64 Email Walled garden online communities Later: access to internet Biggest online player in the pre-Web aera WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 21 Lessons learned Online services existed before the Web Most of what we see now, though in simpler forms Why did few people notice? Sometimes expensive (e.g. access USD 10 per hour) Innovation limited by (mostly) client-server model • Online providers did everything – this is great – but its even greater if the rest of the world innovates for you! WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 22 HISTORY OF THE WEB http://www.w3.org/History.html http://www.w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted/ WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 23 Pre-Hypertext 1945: Vannevar Bush writes an article in Atlantic Monthly about a photo-electrical-mechanical device called a Memex, for memory extension, which could make and follow links between documents on microfiche WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 24 1960s Invention of Hypertext and -media Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext and starts the first hypertext project (Xanadu) in 1962 (cf http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/hypertext.html) Doug Engelbart prototypes "oNLine System" (NLS) hypertext browsing editing, email Invents the mouse 1968: „The mother of all demos“ Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System and FRESS in 1967. WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 25 Hypertext Hypermedia and the Conference Targets: Hypertext should be Sound Comprehensive Many features Backlinks .... Industrial usage Apple HyperG/Hyperwave .... Focus: PC User should never experience a broken link WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 26 WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 27 The World Wide Web (1) 1989 – WWW concept by Tim Berners-Lee Information Management a Proposal http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 28 Browser 1990 – first browser/editor program WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 29 The World Wide Web (2) 1993 National Center for SuperComputing Applications launched Mosaic X 1994 First WWW conference 1994 W3C started at MIT Commercial websites began their proliferation Followed by local school/club/family sites The web exploded WeST 1994 – 3,2 million hosts and 3,000 websites 1995 – 6,4 million hosts and 25,000 websites 1997 – 19,5 million hosts and 1,2 million websites January 2001 – 110 million hosts and 30 million websites Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 30 The World Wide Web (4) – some facts WeST 1994/1995 Amazon 1994/1995 Wiki 1995 AltaVista Search Engine 1995 Internet Explorer 1997-2001 Browser wars 1996-1998 XML recommendation 1998 Google 1999 First W3C recommendation on RDF (Semantic Web) 2001 Dot.Com bubble bursts 2001 Wikipedia 2003/2004 Facebook 2004 Flickr 2005 YouTube Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 31 http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 32 WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 33 WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 34 WeST Steffen Staab staab@uni-koblenz.de 35
