Applications of Differentiation
Extrema on An Interval
Let f be defined on an interval I
containing c.
1. f(c) is the minimum of f on I if f(c) ≤
f(x) for all x in I.
2. f(c) is the maximum of f on I if f(c) ≥
f(x) for all x in I.
The minimum and maximum of a function
on an interval are the extreme values,
or extrema, of the function on the
interval
The minimum and maximum of a function
on an interval are the extreme
values, or extrema, of the function
on the interval.
The minimum and maximum of a function
on an interval are also called the
absolute minimum and absolute
maximum on the interval.
If f is continuous on a closed interval
[a,b], then f has both a minimum and
a maximum on the interval.
The minimum and maximum of a function
on an interval are also called the
absolute minimum and absolute
maximum on the interval.
1.
f(x) = x2 – 4x + 5 on the closed
interval [-1,3].
2.
f(x) = x3 – 3x - 5 on the closed
interval [-1,3].
Do they exist!
Informally, you can think of a relative
maximum as occurring on a “hill” on the
graph, and a relative minimum as
occurring on a “valley” on the graph.
Such a hill and valley can occur in two
ways. If the hill (or valley) is smooth
and rounded, the graph has a horizontal
tangent line at the high point (or low
point). If the hill (or valley) is sharp
and peaked, the graph represents a
function that is not differentiable at the
high point (or low point)
If there is an open interval containing c on
which f(c) is a maximum, then f(c) is
called a relative maximum of f, or you
can say that f has a relative maximum
at (c,f(c)).
If there is an open interval containing c on
which f(c) is a minimum, then f(c) is
called a relative minimum of f, or you
can say that f has a relative minimum
at (c,f(c)).
Find the value of the Derivative at the
Relative Extrema
1.
f(x) = 9(x2 – 3)/x3
2.
f(x) = x3 – 3x
Let f be defined at c: If f’(c) = 0 or if f is
not differentiable at c, then c is a
critical number of f.
If f has a relative minimum or relative
maximum at x = c, then c is a critical
number of f.
To find the extrema of a continuous
function f on a closed interval [a,b],
use the following steps.
1. Find the critical numbers of f in (a,b).
2. Evaluate f at each critical number in
(a,b).
3. Evaluate f at each endpoint of [a,b].
4. The least of these values is the
minimum. The greatest is the
maximum.
Find the Extrema on a Closed Interval.
1.
f(x) = 3x4 – 4x3
2.
f(x) = 2x = 3x2/3
3.
f(x) = |1 – x2|
Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean
Value Theorem
Let f be continuous on the closed
interval [a,b] and differentiable on the
open interval (a,b).
If
f(a) = f(b)
Then there is a least one number c in
(a,b) such that f’(c) = 0
Find the x-intercepts of
f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2
and show that f’(x) = 0 at some point
between the two x-intercepts
If f is continuous on the closed interval
[a,b] and differentiable on the open
interval (a,b), then there exists a
number c in (a,b) such that
f’(c) = [f(b) - f(a)]/(b-a)
Given f(x) = 5 – (4/x), find all values of
c in the open interval (1,4) such that
f’(c ) = [f(4)- f(1)]/(4-1)
then the slope of the secant line is 1
Now, find f’(x) = 4/(x2) = 1
Solve for x, then x = 2 or -2, and c = 2
which is in the interval (1,4)
Increasing and Decreasing
Functions and the First
Derivative Test
A function f is increasing on an interval
if for any two numbers x1 and x2 in the
interval x1 < x2 implies f(x1) < f(x2)
A function f is decreasing on an interval
if for any two numbers x1 and x2 in the
interval x1 < x2 implies f(x1) > f(x2)
Let f be a function that is continuous on the
closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on
the open interval (a,b)
1.
If f’(x) < 0 for all x in (a,b), then f is
decreasing on [a,b]
2.
If f’(x) > 0 for all x in (a,b), then f is
increasing on [a,b]
3.
If f’(x) = 0 for all x in (a,b), then f is
constant on [a,b]
Let c be a critical number of a function f that
is continuous on an open interval I
containing c. If f is differentiable on the
interval, except possibly at c, then f(c) can
be classified as follows.



If f’(x) changes from negative to positive at
c, then f has a relative minimum at (c,f(c))
If f’(x) changes from positive to negative at
c, then f has a relative maximum at (c,f(c))
If f’(x) is positive or negative on both sides
of c, then f(c) is neither a relative minimum
or relative maximum
Concavity and the Second
Derivative Test
Let f be differentiable on an open
interval I. The graph of f is concave
upward on I if f’ is increasing on the
interval and concave downward on I
if f’ is decreasing on the interval.
Let f be a function whose second
derivative exists on an open interval
I.
If f’’(x) > 0 for x in I, then the graph of
f is concave upward in I.
If f’’(x) < 0 for x in I, then the graph of
f is concave downward in I.
Let f be a function that is continuous on
an open interval and let c be a point in
the interval. If the graph of f has a
tangent line at the point (c,f(c)), then
this point is a point of inflection of
the graph of f if the concavity of f
changes from upward to downward (or
downward to upward) at the point.

If (c,f(x)) is a point of inflection of the
graph of f, then either f”(c) = 0 or f”
does not exist at x = c.
Example:
f(x) = x4 – 4x3
f’(x)= 4x3 -12x2
f”(x) =12x2 – 24x
X = 0 and x = 2, so check the
intervals
Let f be a function such that f(c) = 0 and
the second derivative of f exists on an
open interval containing c.
If f”(c)> 0, then f has a relative minimum
at (c,f(c))
If f”(c)< 0, then f has a relative maximum
at (c,f(c))
If f”(c) = 0, the test fails. That means f
may have a relative maximum at or
relative minimum at (c,f(c)) or neither. In
that case use the first derivative test.
Limits at Infinity
Examples
1. lim (5 – 2/x2
x →∞
2. lim (3x+7)/5x
x →∞
1.
Try to eliminate the indeterminate
form ∞/ ∞ by
2.
dividing both the numerator and
denominator by the highest degree
variable.
3.
Then find the limit
1.
2.
3.
If the degree of the numerator is less
than the degree of the denominator,
then the limit of the rational function is
0.
If the degree of the numerator is equal
to the degree of the denominator, then
the limit of the rational function is ratio
of the leading coefficients.
If the degree of the numerator is
greater than the degree of the
denominator, then the limit of the
rational function does not exist.
The line y = L is a horizontal asymptote of
the graph of f if
2. Lim f(x) = L or lim f(x) = L
1.
x→∞
Collect all terms involving dy/dx on the left
side of the equation and move all other
terms to the right side of the equation.
Factor dy/dx out of the left side of the
equation.
Solve for dy/dx
Find dy/dx given that y3 +y2 -5y –x2 = - 4
d/dx[y3 +y2 -5y –x2 = d/dx[- 4]
3y2(dy/dx) +2y(dy/dx) -5(dy/dx) -2x =0
3y2(dy/dx) +2y(dy/dx) -5(dy/dx) =2x
dy/dx(3y2 +2y – 5) = 2x
dy/dx = 2x/(3y2 +2y – 5)
Find the slope of the tangent line to the
graph of 3(x2 + y2)2 = 100xy at the
point (3,1)
Find dy/dx and then use (3,1) to find
the value of the slope
1.
Finding a Differentiable Function
2.
Finding the Second Derivative
Implicity
3.
Finding a Tangent Line to a Graph
Related Rates
Identify all given quantities and quantities
to be determined. Make a sketch and label
the quantities.
2. Write an equation involving the variables
whose rates of change either are given or
are to be determined.
3. Using the Chain Rule, implicitly differentiate
both sides of the equation with respect to
time t.
4. Substitute into the resulting equation all
known values for the variables and their
rates of change. Then solve for the
required rate of change.
1.
An airplane flying at an altitude of 6 miles
is on a flight path that will take it
directly over a radar tracking station. If
distance s is decreasing at a rate of 400
miles per hour when s = 10 miles, what
is the speed of the plane?
Draw and label a right triangle.
s is the hypotenuse of the right triangle
and x is the horizontal distance from
the station.
s = 10
x = (102 – 62)½ = 8
ds/dt = -400 when s =10
Find dx/dt when x=10 and x = 8
The function is x2 + 62 =s2
1.
2.
3.
Differentiate with respect to x
Solve for dx/dt
Substitute for s,x and ds/dt
END