pce12474-sup-0009-si
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Table S1 Details of the ICARDA germplasm collection No. Breeding status 1 2 Cultivar name Rows Origin (country) Origin (area) Varshney - cluster MainCluster SubCluster Qgroups landrace six Azerbaijan NEA Ia A I Q3 landrace six Turkmenistan NEA Ia A I Q3 3 landrace six Oman APS Ic A I Q3 4 landrace six Pakistan NEA Ia A I Q3 5 landrace six Uzbekistan NEA Ia A I Q3 6 landrace two Syria MEA Ig A II Q4 7 cultivar Furat-2 two Syria MEA In A II Q4 8 cultivar Sadik-1 two ICARDA UNK Ip A II Q4 9 landrace six Egypt AFR Io A II - 10 landrace two Turkmenistan NEA Ia B I Q3 11 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 12 landrace two India NEA Iw B I Q3 13 landrace six Afghanistan NEA Ia B I Q3 14 landrace six Pakistan NEA Ia B I Q3 15 landrace six Pakistan NEA Ia B I Q3 16 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 17 landrace two Afghanistan NEA Ia B I Q3 18 landrace two Afghanistan NEA Ia B I Q3 19 landrace six Turkmenistan NEA Ia B I Q3 20 landrace six Afghanistan NEA Ia B I Q3 21 landrace six China NEA Ia B I Q3 22 landrace six China NEA Ia B I Q3 23 landrace six China NEA Ia B I Q3 24 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 25 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 26 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 27 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 28 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 29 landrace six Pakistan NEA Ia B I Q3 30 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 31 landrace two India NEA Ia B I Q3 32 landrace six Pakistan NEA Ia B I Q3 33 landrace six Pakistan NEA Ia B I Q3 34 landrace six Azerbaijan NEA Ia B I Q3 35 landrace six Pakistan NEA Ia B I Q3 36 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 37 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 38 landrace two Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 39 landrace six Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 40 landrace two Iran NEA Ia B I Q3 41 landrace six Oman APS Ic B II Q3 42 landrace two Oman APS Ic B II Q3 43 landrace six Oman APS Ic B II Q3 44 landrace six Egypt AFR Ia B III Q3 45 landrace two Iran NEA Ia B III Q3 46 cultivar inter ICARDA UNK - B III Q3 47 landrace six Pakistan NEA Ia B III Q3 48 landrace six Iraq MEA Ia B IV Q3 49 landrace six Jordan MEA Ia B IV Q3 Batal-01 No. Breeding status 50 51 Cultivar name Rows Origin (country) Origin (area) Varshney - cluster MainCluster SubCluster Qgroups landrace two Syria MEA Ia B IV Q3 landrace six Iraq MEA Ia B IV Q3 52 landrace six Afghanistan NEA Ie C I Q3 53 landrace two Afghanistan NEA Ie C I Q3 54 landrace six Iran NEA Ie C I Q3 55 landrace six Afghanistan NEA Ie C I Q3 56 landrace two Iran NEA Ir C I - 57 landrace two Ethiopia AFR Ib C II - 58 cultivar two Eritrea AFR Ib C II Q3 59 landrace six Ethiopia AFR Ib C II - 60 cultivar two Eritrea AFR Ib C II Q3 61 landrace two Saudi-Arabia APS Ic C III Q3 62 landrace two Yemen APS Ic C III Q3 63 landrace two Yemen APS Ic C III - 64 landrace two Yemen APS Ic C III - 65 cultivar six Ethiopia AFR Ib C III - 66 landrace two Saudi-Arabia APS Ic C III - 67 landrace two Saudi-Arabia APS Ic C III - 68 landrace six Iran NEA Id C IV Q1 69 landrace two Turkey NEA Id C IV Q1 70 landrace two Turkey NEA Id C IV Q1 71 cultivar Tokak two Turkey NEA Iv C IV Q4 72 cultivar Bulbul two Turkey NEA Iv C IV Q4 73 landrace six Syria MEA Ir C V Q1 74 landrace two Syria MEA Is C V Q1 75 landrace two Syria MEA - C V Q1 76 landrace two Syria MEA Is C V Q1 77 landrace six Jordan MEA Is C V Q1 78 landrace two Syria MEA Is C V Q1 79 landrace six Syria MEA Is C V Q1 80 landrace two Jordan MEA Is C V Q1 81 cultivar two ICARDA UNK Is C V Q1 82 landrace two Jordan MEA Is C V Q1 83 landrace six Syria MEA It C V Q1 84 cultivar Tadmor two ICARDA UNK It C V Q1 85 cultivar SLB34-40 two ICARDA UNK It C V Q1 86 cultivar Zanbaka two ICARDA UNK It C V Q1 87 cultivar SLB05-96 two ICARDA UNK Is C V Q1 88 landrace six Syria MEA Is C V Q1 89 cultivar Sara two ICARDA UNK - C V Q1 90 cultivar SLB34-65 two ICARDA UNK - C V - 91 cultivar Tarida two Libya AFR Ir C - Q1 92 landrace six Algeria AFR If D I Q4 93 landrace six Tunisia AFR If D I Q4 94 cultivar Express six France EUR If D I Q4 95 cultivar Radical six Russia EUR If D I Q4 96 landrace two Jordan MEA If D I Q4 97 landrace six Uzbekistan NEA Ig D I Q4 98 landrace two Syria MEA Ig D I Q4 99 landrace two Syria MEA Ig D I Q4 Atsa Demhay Shege Arta No. Breeding status Cultivar name Rows Origin (country) Origin (area) Varshney - cluster MainCluster SubCluster Qgroups 100 landrace 101 cultivar Alanda-01 six Turkmenistan NEA Ig D I Q4 six ICARDA UNK - D I Q4 102 cultivar 103 cultivar Momtaz six ICARDA UNK Ih D I Q4 Manel six Tunisia AFR Ih D I Q4 104 cultivar 105 landrace Matnan-01 six ICARDA UNK - D I - six Turkey NEA Ig D I Q4 106 107 landrace six Azerbaijan NEA Ig D II Q4 landrace six Egypt AFR - D II - 108 landrace 109 cultivar Furat-3 six Egypt AFR Io D II Q1 two Syria MEA In D II Q4 110 cultivar Harmal two ICARDA UNK Ip D II Q4 111 112 cultivar Moroc9-75 two ICARDA UNK Ip D II Q4 cultivar Salmas two ICARDA UNK Ip D II Q4 113 cultivar WI2291 two ICARDA UNK Ip D II Q4 114 cultivar Harmal two ICARDA UNK In D II Q4 115 cultivar Litani two Lebanon MEA In D II Q4 116 cultivar Birlik two ICARDA UNK In D II Q4 117 cultivar Zanbakian two ICARDA UNK Ip D II Q4 118 landrace two Egypt AFR - D II Q4 119 landrace two Saudi-Arabia APS Iq D II Q4 120 landrace six Oman APS Iq D II Q4 121 landrace two Oman APS Iq D II Q4 122 cultivar Barque two Australia AUS Ip D II Q4 123 cultivar ER/Apm two ICARDA UNK Ip D II Q4 124 cultivar Keel two Australia AUS Ip D II Q4 125 cultivar Sadik-2 two ICARDA UNK Ip D II Q4 126 cultivar Pamir-009 two ICARDA UNK Ip D II Q4 127 landrace six Libya AFR Ii E I Q2 128 landrace six Tunisia AFR Ii E I Q2 129 landrace six Algeria AFR Ii E I Q2 130 landrace six Algeria AFR Ii E I Q2 131 landrace six Algeria AFR Ii E I Q2 132 landrace six Algeria AFR Ii E I Q2 133 landrace six Iran NEA Ii E I Q2 134 cultivar six Algeria AFR Ii E I Q2 135 landrace six Algeria AFR Ii E I Q2 136 landrace six Tunisia AFR Ii E I Q2 137 landrace six Egypt AFR Ii E I Q2 138 cultivar Giza 125 six Egypt AFR Ii E I Q2 139 cultivar Giza126 six Egypt AFR Ii E I Q2 140 landrace six Egypt AFR Il E I Q2 141 landrace six Libya AFR Im E I Q2 142 landrace six Algeria AFR Ii E I Q2 143 landrace six Tunisia AFR Ii E I Q2 144 cultivar six Tunisia AFR Ii E I Q2 145 landrace six Libya AFR Ii E II Q2 146 cultivar Rum six Jordan MEA Ik E II Q2 147 cultivar six Libya AFR Il E II Q2 148 cultivar Barjouj Mari/Aths* 2 six Cyprus NEA Ik E II - 149 cultivar Aths six Greece EUR Ik E II - Saida Martin No. Breeding status Cultivar name Rows Origin (country) Origin (area) Varshney - cluster MainCluster SubCluster Qgroups 150 cultivar Furat 1 six Syria MEA I- E II - 151 landrace six Morocco AFR Im E III Q2 152 landrace six Morocco AFR Ii E III Q2 153 landrace six Morocco AFR Ii E III Q2 154 landrace six Morocco AFR Ii E III Q2 155 landrace six Egypt AFR Ii E III Q2 156 landrace six Egypt AFR Ii E III Q2 157 landrace six Libya AFR Ii E III Q2 158 landrace six Libya AFR Ii E III Q2 159 landrace six Libya AFR Ii E III Q2 160 landrace six Libya AFR Ii E III Q2 161 landrace six Libya AFR Ii E III Q2 162 landrace two Syria MEA Ij E IV Q2 163 landrace six Oman APS Ij E IV Q2 164 cultivar six Egypt AFR Ij E IV Q2 165 landrace six Libya AFR Ij E IV Q2 166 cultivar Rihane-03 six ICARDA UNK Ij E IV Q2 167 cultivar IPA7 six Iraq MEA Ij E IV Q2 168 cultivar Arig8 six Morocco AFR Ij E IV Q2 169 cultivar Assala-04 six ICARDA UNK Ij E IV Q2 170 cultivar Badia six ICARDA UNK Ij E IV Q2 171 landrace two Tajikistan NEA Iv E IV - 172 landrace two Tajikistan NEA Iv E IV - 173 cultivar six Algeria AFR Ii E V Q2 174 landrace six Egypt AFR Im E V - 175 cultivar six Libya AFR Ii E V - CalMr Tichedrett Katara AFR, Africa; APS, the Arabian Peninsula; AUS, Australia; EUR, Europe, NEA, NE-Asia; MEA, Middle E-Asia; UNK, unknown. Spring barley genotypes are arranged according to their position in the phylogenetic tree (1175; Figure 1) and described by breeding status (landrace or cultivar), cultivar name, rowtypes (whereby six-row barleys correspond to Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare convar. vulgare and two-row barleys correspond to Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare convar. distichon), country of origin, wider geographical distribution including phylogenetic clusters according to Varshney et al. (2010), main- and sub-clusters of the phylogenetic tree and the population structure (Q-groups). Table S2 Details of the Gatersleben germplasm collection No. Breeding status Rows Origin (country) Origin (continent) Harvest Year 1 landrace six Albania Europe 1996 2 landrace two Italy Europe 1999 3 landrace two Iran Asia 1998 4 landrace two UK Europe 2000 5 cultivar Clerix two France Europe 1998 6 cultivar Aramir two Germany Europe 1996 7 cultivar Wieselburger Zweizeilige Typ B two Austria Europe 2002 8 cultivar Louhi two Finland Europe 2003 9 landrace 10 cultivar 11 cultivar 12 13 Cultivar name six Afghanistan Asia 1999 two Hungary Europe 1998 two Germany Europe 2002 landrace Mesterhazi Tav. Arpa Amrigschwander Zweizeilige Schwarzwälder Mesterhazi 210 two Hungary Europe 2002 cultivar Cervonec six Sowjetunion Asia 1998 14 cultivar Tirgu Frumos 316 two Romania Europe 1999 15 landrace six Ethiopia Africa 2002 16 cultivar two China Asia 1998 17 landrace six Afghanistan Asia 1995 18 landrace two UK Europe 2000 19 cultivar six Belgium Europe 1995 20 landrace two UK Europe 1996 21 landrace two UK Europe 1996 22 cultivar Altesse two UK Europe 1996 23 cultivar Seijou 524 two Japan Asia 2002 24 landrace six Morocco Africa 1996 25 landrace two Uzbekistan Asia 1997 26 landrace two France Europe 1997 27 landrace six Ethiopia Africa 1974 28 landrace six Greece Europe 1974 29 landrace six Greece Europe 1974 30 landrace six Greece Europe 1974 31 landrace six Greece Europe 1974 32 landrace six Greece Europe 1974 33 cultivar two Austria Europe 1974 34 landrace six India Asia 1974 35 landrace six India Asia 1974 36 cultivar Peruviana six USA America 1974 37 cultivar Francks Pfälzer two Germany Europe 1974 38 cultivar Adlicker 9 two Austria Europe 1974 39 cultivar Rotenburger Sand Vierzeilig six Germany Europe 1974 40 cultivar Kujanowiak two Poland Europe 1974 41 cultivar Bannerts Vierzeilige six Germany Europe 1974 42 cultivar Löws Angern 3 two Germany Europe 1974 43 cultivar Wikinger two Germany Europe 1974 44 cultivar Hohenauer (Pommers) two Germany Europe 1974 45 cultivar Hennersdorfer K. 64 two Germany Europe 1974 46 cultivar Kaufbeurener Vierzeilige six Germany Europe 1974 47 cultivar Stauffers Obersülzer Frühe two Germany Europe 1974 48 cultivar Mooser St. 73 two Germany Europe 1974 Manchurian 0149 Gembloux 456 Wieselburger Zweizeilige Typ B No. Breeding status Cultivar name Rows Origin (country) Origin (continent) Harvest Year 49 cultivar Sobienzynski six Poland Europe 1974 50 cultivar Schweigers Moosburger Rhaetia two Germany Europe 1974 51 cultivar Probstdorfer Vollkorn two Austria Europe 1974 52 cultivar Elsa two Germany Europe 1974 53 landrace six Italy Europe 1974 54 cultivar Saale two Germany Europe 1974 55 cultivar Hanna Kleszczowski two Poland Europe 1974 56 cultivar Balder two Sweden Europe 1974 57 cultivar Agio two Netherlands Europe 1974 58 cultivar Minerva two Netherlands Europe 1974 59 cultivar Breustedts Frisia six Germany Europe 1974 60 cultivar Svalöfs Bonus two Sweden Europe 1974 61 landrace two Ethiopia Africa 1974 62 landrace six Ethiopia Africa 1974 63 cultivar Svalöfs 02/102 two Sweden Europe 1974 64 cultivar Gazelle two Denmark Europe 1974 65 cultivar Odessa six Ukraine Europe 1974 66 landrace six El Salvador America 1974 67 cultivar six Germany Europe 1974 68 landrace six Ethiopia America 1974 69 cultivar two Netherlands Europe 1974 70 landrace six Ethiopia Africa 1974 71 cultivar Dans Isisaka 8-31 two unknown - 1974 72 cultivar Dabat six Eritrea Africa 1974 73 cultivar Lilly two Belgium Europe 1974 74 landrace six Ethiopia Africa 1974 75 landrace six Ethiopia Africa 1974 76 landrace six Ethiopia Africa 1974 Berendstets Ariel EBG Spring barley genotypes used in biochemical (1-26; Figure 5 to 8) and genetic (27-76; Figure 3) studies are described by breeding status, cultivar name, row-type (whereby six-row barleys correspond to Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare convar. vulgare and two-row barleys correspond to Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare convar. distichon), country, continent of origin and harvest year. Table S3 Details of the Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) Total pairs Whole collection Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Significant pairs % Significant pairs % of pairs in LD > 0.5 Pairs in complete LD (=1) total 36 982 4 858 13.1 1.8 449 0-10cM 5 322 1 578 29.7 12.6 446 10-20cM 3 699 505 13.7 0.1 3 >20cM 27 961 2 775 9.9 0.0 0 total 28 098 353 1.3 1.3 299 0-10cM 4 265 314 7.4 7.4 299 10-20cM 2 735 5 0.2 0.2 0 >20cM 21 098 34 0.2 0.2 0 total 30 313 1 056 3.5 2.2 469 0-10cM 4 437 649 14.6 13.0 466 10-20cM 2 919 59 2.0 0.5 3 >20cM 22 957 348 1.5 0.3 0 total 77 057 1 113 1.4 0.8 480 0-10cM 10 099 622 6.2 5.3 466 10-20cM 7 888 72 0.9 0.2 7 >20cM 59 070 419 0.7 0.1 7 total 35 302 1 002 2.8 2.3 531 0-10cM 5 114 836 16.3 14.7 529 10-20cM 3 456 61 1.8 0.5 2 >20cM 26 732 105 0.4 0.2 0 Max. distance (cM) of pairs in LD 177.6 73.3 158.6 189.3 156.2 Intra-chromosomal LD (in r²) of marker pairs is shown for the whole ‘ICARDA germplasm collection’ (Pop, 175 genotypes) and the Q-groups Q1 (22 genotypes), Q2 (42 genotypes), Q3 (55 genotypes) and Q4 (37 genotypes). LD was considered as significant at P<0.001. Table S4 Soil composition in field plots Field 1 Field 2 7.6 7.3 6.9 17.6 16.6 23.2 9.8 17.1 Organic matter (%) - 4.0 NO3 (kg N∙ha-1) 14.0 28.0 2.0 2.0 16.0 20.0 pH Phosphor (mg∙100 g-1) Potassium (mg∙100 g-1) Magnesium (mg∙100 NH4 (kg N∙ha-1) Mineral N (kg N∙ha-1) g-1) Soil analysis of field plots used for multiplication of the ‘ICARDA germplasm collection’ was provided by AGROLAB Boden- und Pflanzenberatungsdienst GmbH (www.agrolab.de). Both soils were clay silts, and field 2 was richer in nutrients. Field 1 Field 2 Field 1 Field 2 Total Germination (%) Normal Seedlings (%) Table S5 Seed germinability and broad-sense heritability of the ICARDA germplasm collection No Mean SD Min Max LSD5% H2 I1 160 71.33 13.54 9.14 95.02 20.51 0.58 AA 1 160 10.45 10.24 0.00 50.50 14.56 0.54 CD 1 160 51.05 19.29 6.00 87.06 27.40 0.49 II 2 152 86.58 8.26 60.00 100.00 17.67 0.29 AA 2 152 44.67 19.02 2.01 92.50 22.46 0.76 CD 2 152 68.68 16.58 9.05 92.54 20.69 0.70 I1 160 88.12 8.96 35.03 100.00 12.33 0.62 AA 1 160 12.95 11.59 0.00 53.00 16.31 0.55 CD 1 160 69.88 19.49 16.58 96.50 25.63 0.57 II 2 152 94.59 4.48 73.00 100.00 10.31 - AA 2 152 61.09 18.82 6.53 97.49 21.82 0.76 CD 2 152 79.36 15.91 17.50 97.98 17.35 0.77 Standard deviation (SD), minimum (Min), and maximum (Max) values are given for ICARDA genotypes multiplied on field 1 and field 2. Least significant difference at P = 0.05 (LSD5%) and broad-sense heritability (H²) values were estimated from the analysis of variance. Seed germinability was tested for control (I), after accelerated seed ageing (AA at 43°C, 100% RH for 3 d) and controlled seed deterioration (CD at 45°C, 60% RH for 15 d). Four independent biological replicates were measured. Table S6 Relationship between seed germinability of different treatments Normal Seedlings (%) Field 1 Field 2 CD 2 I1 AA 1 CD 1 AA 2 CD 2 0.47 0.27 0.50 0.87 0.41 0.47 0.99 0.60 0.59 0.24 0.54 0.24 0.48 CD 1 0.33 0.50 0.58 0.61 0.91 0.41 0.50 II 2 0.32 0.47 0.31 0.82 0.33 0.26 0.47 0.39 0.32 0.93 0.51 CD 2 0.47 0.54 0.26 0.53 0.92 I1 0.41 0.59 0.24 0.30 0.54 0.46 0.47 0.57 0.34 0.36 AA 2 CD 1 0.46 0.66 0.59 II 2 Total Germination (%) Field 2 AA 2 I1 AA 1 AA 1 Field 1 AA 1 CD 1 II 2 AA 2 0.61 II 2 0.59 Spearman correlation was analysed for seed germinability (percentage of normal seedlings and total germination) of 152 ICARDA genotypes multiplied in two field plots (field 1 and 2). Seed germinability was tested for control (I), after accelerated seed ageing (AA at 43°C, 100% RH for 3 d) and controlled seed deterioration (CD at 45°C, 60% RH for 15 d). Four independent biological replicates were measured and means used for Spearman correlation. Non-bold values indicate significant correlations at P<0.05; bold values at P<0.01 and bold underlined at P<0.001. Table S7 Explained phenotypic variation (R2) of DArT markers associated with artificial ageing Normal Seedlings (%) Field 1 DArT I1 AA 1 Total Germination (%) Field 2 CD 1 II 2 AA 2 Field 1 CD 2 I1 AA 1 Field 2 C Pos CD 1 II 2 AA 2 CD 2 bPb7429 1H 106.22 0.08 bPb4515 1H 106.22 0.06 bPb0617 1H 118.95 bPb5688 2H 15.76 bPb4481 2H 18.81 0.07 0.10 bPb0003 2H 25.73 bPb9925 2H 64.17 bPb0220 2H 68.14 bPb8143 2H 98.21 bPb7991 2H 101.27 0.07 bPb1926 2H 102.12 0.05 bPb6194 2H 102.38 0.04 bPb3563 2H 102.38 0.04 bPb6688 2H 125.06 bPb8464 2H 138.23 bPb0303 2H 147.61 0.07 0.06 bPb1986 2H 147.61 0.07 0.06 bPb7208 2H 147.61 0.07 0.05 bPb1611 2H 155.55 bPb7989 3H 50.43 bPb0040 3H 72.18 0.07 bPb3805 3H 72.18 0.07 bPb2630 3H 100.76 0.06 bPb9207 3H 170.69 0.07 0.07 bPb4699 4H 17.35 0.06 0.06 bPb6404 4H 60.55 0.04 bPb6611 4H 60.55 0.05 bPb6949 4H 72.21 0.06 bPb2305 4H 72.21 0.06 bPb0899 5H 45.58 0.06 bPb3412 5H 45.58 0.06 bPb0909 5H 45.58 0.06 bPb3792 5H 45.58 0.06 bPb7852 5H 73.65 bPb0029 5H 73.65 bPb2325 5H 120.54 0.06 bPb7854 5H 120.67 0.05 bPb5854 5H 163.57 bPb2314 5H 163.75 bPb4595 5H 168.35 bPb4621 5H 171.9 0.04 bPb0877 5H 171.9 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 Normal Seedlings (%) Field 1 DArT I1 AA 1 Total Germination (%) Field 2 CD 1 II 2 AA 2 Field 1 CD 2 I1 Pos bPb1482 5H 175.86 0.05 bPb4971 5H 184.26 0.05 Normal Seedlings (%) Field 1 DArT I1 AA 1 II 2 AA 2 CD 1 II 2 AA 2 CD 2 Total Germination (%) Field 2 CD 1 AA 1 Field 2 C Field 1 CD 2 I1 AA 1 Field 2 C Pos CD 1 II 2 AA 2 bPb8492 6H 26.51 0.07 0.07 bPb8398 6H 26.51 0.07 0.06 bPb6659 6H 28.84 0.07 0.07 bPb9807 6H 38.04 0.09 0.06 bPb3746 6H 60.92 bPb2593 6H 68.22 bPb0055 6H 68.22 bPb2054 6H 122.73 bPb6868 7H 2.22 0.06 0.07 bPb1994 7H 17.07 0.07 0.06 bPb7517 7H 94.17 bPb1596 7H 99.78 bPb5747 7H 99.78 bPb8074 7H 99.78 bPb7739 7H 136.56 bPb5556 7H 159.19 0.05 0.06 bPb9865 7H 159.19 0.05 0.06 bPb2620 7H 159.19 0.06 0.06 bPb9704 7H 159.19 0.05 0.06 CD 2 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.07 Seeds of 175 ‘ICARDA genotypes’ were multiplied in two field plots, tested for initial (I) germinability (percentage of Normal Seedlings (%NS); percentage of Total Germination (%TG)) and subjected to artificial ageing (CD, controlled deterioration at 45 °C and 60 % RH for 15 d and AA, accelerated ageing at 43 °C and 100% RH for 3 d), and analysed by genome-wide association mapping. R² is given for markers that were significantly associated with artificial ageing [at P<0.01, at P<0.001 (bold underlined)] using two analytical models (GLM, MLM). Table S8 DArT Markers mapped or found in close vicinity to QTLs and major genes DArT Marker C Significant nonQTL name DArT marker Affected barley trait bPb4515, bPb7429 1H cMWG706 QTw.HaMo-1H Seed test weight [11,13] bPb4515, bPb7429 1H cMWG706 QYld.HaMo-1H. Yield [13] bPb4515, bPb7429 1H MWG706 QS/T.nab-1H Soluble/ total protein [12] bPb4515, bPb7429 1H MWG706 QKp.nab-1H.2 Seed width [12] bPb4515, bPb7429 1H MWG706 QMe.nab-1H.2 Malt-extract percentage [12] bPb5688, bPb4481 2H MWG878 QTil.TyVo-2H.1 Top internode length [8] bPb8143 2H ksuF15 Days to heading [6, 10] bPb8143 2H ksuF15 In vitro regeneration ability [16] bPb8143 2H ksuF15 Lodging incidence [7] bPb8143 2H ksuF15 Growth space [6] bPb8143 2H ksuF15 Soluble protein content [14] bPb8143 2H ksuF15 QYld.StMo-2H.2 [4] bPb8143 2H ksuF15 QFhs.ChM6-2H.4 bPb8143 2H Yield Reaction to Fusarium graminearum Grain protein content bPb2630 3H Germination speed [11] bPb2630 3H Dormancy [5] bPb2630 3H Grain protein content [1] bPb4699 4H MWG634 QTw.nab-4H.2 Seed test weight [12] bPb4699 4H MWG634 QAa.nab-4H Alpha amylase activity [12] bPb4699 4H MWG634 QPc.nab-4H Protein content [12] bPb4699 4H MWG634 QS/T.nab-4H Soluble/ total protein [12] bPb4699 4H MWG634 QSsg.StMo-4H bPb4699 4H MWG634 Salt tolerance at germination [11] [9, 15] Blue aleurone colour bPb0029 5H ABC302 QYld.StMo-5H [3] bPb0029 5H ABC302 QDon.ChM6-5H bPb0029 5H ABC302 QHt.ChM6-5H.1 Yield Deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation Plant height bPb0029 5H ABC302 QKp.nab-5H Seed width [12] bPb0029 5H ABC302 QPc.nab-5H Protein content [12] bPb0029 5H ABC302 QTw.nab-5H Seed test weight [12] bPb0029 5H ABC302 QABA.StMo-5H bPb0029 5H ABC302 QGms.StMo-5H.1 ABA response at germination [11] [11] Germination speed bPb6659 6H cMWG652a QTw.HaMo-6H.1 Seed test weight [13] bPb6659 6H cMWG652a QKd.ChM6-6H.1 [3] bPb6659 6H cMWG652a QFhs.dah-6H bPb9807 6H Kernel discolouration Barley fusarium head blight resistance Dormancy bPb9807 6H Grain protein content [1] MWG571 QGms.StMo-3H [3] [1] [3] [3] [2] [5] Within ±0.5cM of selected DArT markers, detected non-DArT markers were significantly associated with traits of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping populations. QTLs from the Gramene database (www.gramene.org) and GrainGenes 2.0 database (http://wheat.pw.usda.gov) were used. 1. Cai, S.G., G. Yu, X.H. Chen, Y.C. Huang, X.G. Jiang, G.P. Zhang, and X.L. Jin (2013) Grain protein content variation and its association analysis in barley. BMC Plant Biology, 13. 2. Dahleen, L.S., H.A. Agrama, R.D. Horsley, B.J. Steffenson, P.B. Schwarz, A. Mesfin, and J.D. Franckowiak (2003) Identification of QTLs associated with Fusarium head blight resistance in Zhedar 2 barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 108, 95-104. 3. de la Pena, R.C., K.P. Smith, F. Capettini, G.J. Muehlbauer, M. Gallo-Meagher, R. Dill-Macky, D.A. Somers, and D.C. Rasmusson (1999) Quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Fusarium head blight and kernel discoloration in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 99, 561-569. 4. Hayes, P.M., B.H. Liu, S.J. Knapp, F. Chen, B. Jones, T. Blake, J. Franckowiak, D. Rasmusson, M. Sorrells, S.E. Ullrich, D. Wesenberg, and A. Kleinhofs (1993) Quantitative trait locus effects and environmental interaction in a sample of North-American barley germplasm. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 87, 392-401. 5. Hickey, L.T., W. Lawson, V.N. Arief, G. Fox, J. Franckowiak, and M.J. Dieters (2012) Grain dormancy QTL identified in a doubled haploid barley population derived from two non-dormant parents. Euphytica, 188, 113-122. 6. Ishimaru, K., M. Yano, N. Aoki, K. Ono, T. Hirose, S.Y. Lin, L. Monna, T. Sasaki, and R. Ohsugi (2001) Toward the mapping of physiological and agronomic characters on a rice function map: QTL analysis and comparison between QTLs and expressed sequence tags. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 102, 793-800. 7. Kashiwagi, T. and K. Ishimaru (2004) Identification and functional analysis of a locus for improvement of lodging resistance in rice. Plant Physiology, 134, 676-683. 8. Kjaer, B. and J. Jensen (1996) Quantitative trait loci for grain yield and yield components in a cross between a six-rowed and a two-rowed barley. Euphytica, 90, 39-48. 9. Li, C.D., R.C.M. Lance, H.M. Collins, A. Tarr, S. Roumeliotis, S. Harasymow, M. Cakir, G.P. Fox, C.R. Grime, S. Broughton, K.J. Young, H. Raman, A.R. Barr, D.B. Moody, and B.J. Readf (2003) Quantitative trait loci controlling kernel discoloration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54, 1251-1259. 10. Lin, S.Y., T. Sasaki, and M. Yano (1998) Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling seed dormancy and heading date in rice, Oryza sativa L., using backcross inbred lines. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 96, 997-1003. 11. Mano, Y. and K. Takeda (1997) Mapping quantitative trait loci for salt tolerance at germination and the seedling stage in barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Euphytica, 94, 263-272. 12. Marquez-Cedillo, L.A., P.M. Hayes, B.L. Jones, A. Kleinhofs, W.G. Legge, B.G. Rossnagel, K. Sato, E. Ullrich, D.M. Wesenberg, and N.A. Barley (2000) QTL analysis of malting quality in barley based on the doubled-haploid progeny of two elite North American varieties representing different germplasm groups. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 101, 173-184. 13. Marquez-Cedillo, L.A., P.M. Hayes, A. Kleinhofs, W.G. Legge, B.G. Rossnagel, K. Sato, S.E. Ullrich, D.M. Wesenberg, and N.A.B.G.M. Proj (2001) QTL analysis of agronomic traits in barley based on the doubled haploid progeny of two elite North American varieties representing different germplasm groups. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 103, 625-637. 14. Obara, M., M. Kajiura, Y. Fukuta, M. Yano, M. Hayashi, T. Yamaya, and T. Sato (2001) Mapping of QTLs associated with cytosolic glutamine synthetase and NADH-glutamate synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Experimental Botany, 52, 1209-1217. 15. Read, B.J., H. Raman, G. McMichael, K.J. Chalmers, G.A. Ablett, G.J. Platz, R. Raman, R.K. Genger, W.J.R. Boyd, C.D. Li, C.R. Grime, R.F. Park, H. Wallwork, R. Prangnell, and R.C.M. Lance (2003) Mapping and QTL analysis of the barley population Sloop x Halcyon. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54, 1145-1153. 16. Taguchi Shiobara, F., S.Y. Lin, K. Tanno, T. Komatsuda, M. Yano, T. Sasaki, and S. Oka (1997) Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with regeneration ability of seed callus in rice, Oryza sativa L. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 95, 828-833. Table S9 Functional annotation of DArT and EST markers DArT C EST Functional annotation Score E-value bPb6688 2H GBS0105 67.0 3.0E-10 bPb6688 2H GBM1498 92.0 2.0E-17 bPb6688 2H -- Stem rust resistance protein RPG1 Dehydration responsive element binding (DREB) protein Putative gag-pol polyprotein 115.0 7.0E-26 bPb6688 2H -- RNaseH (Ty1/Copia family) 107.0 3.0E-26 bPb6688 2H -- ABC transporter C family member 10 92.0 1.0E-17 bPb7989 3H -- Disease resistance protein RPM1 204 1.0E-58 bPb2630 3H GBM1233 G10 protein 194 6.0E-49 bPb4699 4H -- Protein HIRA 226.0 3.0E-113 bPb6406, bPb6611 4H -- Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 105 7.0E-24 bPb6949 4H -- V-type ATPase 53.0 2.0E-05 bPb6949 4H -- VHA-A3 (Vacuolar Proton ATPase A3) 52.4 3.0E-05 bPb6949 4H -- 52.0 5.0E-05 bPb0877, bPb4621 5H GBS0576 366.0 1.0E-100 bPb0877, bPb4621 5H GBR170 VHA-A2 (Vacuolar Proton ATPase A2) WD40-like Beta Propeller Repeat family protein Thaumatin-like protein TLP5 188.0 9.0E-47 bPb0877, bPb4621 5H GBR170 Barperm1 166.0 5.0E-40 bPb0877, bPb4621 5H GBR304c Heat shock cognate 70 kDa protein 2 153.0 6.0E-36 bPb0877, bPb4621 5H GBS0800 APETALA2-like protein 409.0 1.0E-112 bPb8492 6H Peptide transporter PTR3-A 62.4 2.0E-08 bPb8398 6H Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 200 1.0E-59 bPb8398 6H -- Serine/threonine kinase-like protein 179.0 4.0E-49 bPb8398 6H -- Jacalin-like lectin domain containing protein 147.0 2.0E-37 bPb8398 6H -- RPG1 145.0 1.0E-36 bPb8398 6H -- Similar to stem rust resistance protein 140.0 4.0E-36 bPb6659 6H Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 194 2.0E-57 bPb6659 6H -- Serine/threonine kinase-like protein 177.0 5.0E-49 bPb6659 6H -- Jacalin-like lectin domain containing protein 143.0 6.0E-36 bPb6659 6H Formin-like protein 128 3.0E-30 bPb6659 6H Tsn1 130 3.0E-31 bPb6659 6H Disease susceptibility protein LOV1 127 4.0E-31 bPb9807 6H -- 160 3.0E-41 bPb9807 6H -- 75.1 3.0E-12 bPb9807 bPb1596, bPb5747, bPb8074 bPb1596, bPb5747, bPb8074 bPb1596, bPb5747, bPb8074 bPb5556 6H -- Disease resistance protein RGA2 NBS-LRR disease resistance protein homologue NB-ARC domain containing protein 69.7 2.0E-10 7H GBR283 Enoyl-ACP reductase 64.0 5.0E-09 7H GBR1478 348.0 1.0E-94 7H GBR1478 277.0 4.0E-73 7H -- Ethylene-responsive element-binding factor 1 (EREBP-1) Ethylene responsive element binding (ERE) protein Sucrose synthase 246.0 6.0E-73 bPb2620 7H -- Sucrose synthase 241 5.0E-71 Significant EST markers, in close vicinity (±0.5 cM) to selected DArT markers, were found in Oregon Wolfe Barley mapping population (Nagel et al. 2009). Annotation of ESTs and DArT markers was performed by BLASTX (Basic Local Alignment Tool) similarity search against the public non-redundant database of NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information, http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Sequence information for ESTs was obtained from the CREST database (http://pgrc.ipk-gatersleben.de/crest) and for DArTs from Triticarte, Australia (http://www.diversityarrays.com/sequences.html). Candidate orthologs were defined as those with hits with best high scoring pair (score) and significant E-value (Expected value) of <1.0E-5. Table S10 Seed germinability and combined half-cell reduction potential Ethiol-disulphide Harvest Year/ Days of Ageing %NS AS 1996 CS 1996 1 M08 1 No. Storage SD%NS %TG SD%TG Ethiol-disulphide SDE 1 1 21.05 4.00 41.48 1.70 -0.148 0.024 76.08 17.18 95.25 1.30 -1.025 0.126 2008 82.05 11.21 96.67 3.06 -1.231 0.209 CD at 13% 5 95.65 3.74 97.27 1.91 -0.389 0.022 1 CD at 13% 9 90.37 6.06 96.38 2.19 -0.409 0.015 1 CD at 13% 13 85.43 4.10 91.30 3.16 -0.326 0.022 1 CD at 13% 31 30.01 16.77 32.23 16.29 -0.141 0.020 1 CD at 13% 41 3.03 1.62 7.58 2.54 -0.093 0.014 1 CD at 18% 1 86.74 9.19 96.48 3.48 -0.322 0.012 1 CD at 18% 2 93.80 4.49 100.00 0.00 -0.281 0.012 1 CD at 18% 3 93.17 3.02 95.40 3.08 -0.250 0.004 1 CD at 18% 5 25.55 6.62 33.60 9.05 -0.178 0.006 1 CD at 18% 7 2.08 1.74 4.62 4.12 -0.128 0.008 2 AS 2002 44.34 7.65 63.80 5.70 -0.196 0.038 2 CS 2002 61.37 14.97 81.76 8.17 -1.191 0.074 2 M08 2008 80.67 5.77 92.00 5.29 -1.600 0.134 2 CD at 13% 5 87.35 3.52 91.48 5.61 -0.438 0.039 2 CD at 13% 9 69.73 7.05 78.73 7.48 -0.413 0.020 2 CD at 13% 13 48.66 7.13 59.08 8.17 -0.411 0.043 2 CD at 13% 31 2.74 2.32 8.95 6.87 -0.152 0.028 2 CD at 13% 41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.122 0.007 2 CD at 18% 1 81.07 3.41 89.14 3.96 -0.369 0.029 2 CD at 18% 2 79.24 5.01 90.07 4.84 -0.328 0.018 2 CD at 18% 3 72.84 8.42 77.45 6.82 -0.278 0.011 2 CD at 18% 5 12.38 3.90 16.74 1.83 -0.228 0.010 2 CD at 18% 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.140 0.013 3 AS 2002 12.00 3.46 20.00 6.00 -0.133 0.019 3 CS 2002 42.98 7.79 55.74 6.90 -1.113 0.088 3 M08 2008 80.41 5.11 92.52 7.17 -1.296 0.155 3 CD at 13% 5 82.79 8.07 86.24 6.44 -0.363 0.016 3 CD at 13% 9 78.07 5.86 80.99 5.87 -0.312 0.011 3 CD at 13% 13 51.40 11.40 59.96 11.80 -0.281 0.013 3 CD at 13% 31 1.08 1.56 2.16 2.77 -0.066 0.005 3 CD at 13% 41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.053 0.006 3 CD at 18% 1 79.93 8.70 90.40 3.85 -0.307 0.011 3 CD at 18% 2 82.37 0.84 86.22 2.87 -0.299 0.015 3 CD at 18% 3 74.02 5.35 78.45 4.48 -0.272 0.004 3 CD at 18% 5 5.27 3.76 9.44 3.00 -0.190 0.011 3 CD at 18% 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.098 0.014 4 AS 1995 41.33 2.31 52.00 2.00 -0.258 0.081 4 CS 1995 56.73 14.78 65.54 17.95 -1.316 0.100 4 M08 2008 79.53 14.71 95.92 3.54 -1.955 0.069 4 CD at 13% 5 92.12 6.92 95.89 1.43 -0.427 0.016 4 CD at 13% 9 82.47 3.78 89.69 1.76 -0.407 0.037 4 CD at 13% 13 84.00 5.51 89.82 4.54 -0.327 0.013 4 CD at 13% 31 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.91 -0.111 0.023 4 CD at 13% 41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.083 0.005 4 CD at 18% 1 85.81 9.54 96.85 2.98 -0.333 0.026 4 CD at 18% 2 90.17 6.61 95.87 2.22 -0.328 0.014 4 CD at 18% 3 78.84 8.77 83.68 7.92 -0.254 0.034 4 CD at 18% 5 79.10 43.14 81.60 41.14 -0.194 0.013 4 CD at 18% 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.113 0.016 Harvest Year/ Days of Ageing %NS SD%NS %TG SD%TG Ethiol-disulphide SDE AS 2002 14.78 2.41 40.95 2.59 -0.190 0.006 5 CS 2002 71.84 16.31 93.97 1.96 -1.151 0.045 5 M08 2008 78.00 20.88 96.00 6.93 -1.707 0.059 5 CD at 13% 5 95.38 3.41 98.20 1.13 -0.399 0.043 5 CD at 13% 9 96.20 2.06 98.41 1.67 -0.386 0.021 5 CD at 13% 13 85.33 3.15 94.62 3.02 -0.364 0.031 5 CD at 13% 31 4.47 4.09 13.56 10.23 -0.116 0.015 5 CD at 13% 41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.091 0.008 5 CD at 18% 1 87.91 2.42 98.34 1.80 -0.360 0.012 5 CD at 18% 2 94.49 3.18 97.85 2.23 -0.326 0.010 5 CD at 18% 3 93.03 5.42 95.63 2.81 -0.255 0.029 5 CD at 18% 5 21.98 6.00 28.84 10.58 -0.245 0.006 5 CD at 18% 7 0.00 0.00 1.07 1.66 -0.162 0.003 6 AS 1999 32.00 2.00 42.67 9.87 -0.162 0.023 6 CS 1999 86.75 8.73 97.37 2.99 -1.534 0.141 6 M08 2008 75.53 9.53 90.53 1.29 -1.934 0.122 6 CD at 13% 5 94.45 2.80 94.45 2.80 -0.441 0.034 6 CD at 13% 9 86.83 4.40 92.77 2.68 -0.419 0.015 6 CD at 13% 13 77.33 4.63 85.55 2.13 -0.383 0.019 6 CD at 13% 31 18.44 3.68 32.41 2.92 -0.188 0.016 6 CD at 13% 41 0.00 0.00 0.61 1.36 -0.153 0.008 6 CD at 18% 1 90.42 3.15 96.99 1.01 -0.391 0.005 6 CD at 18% 2 92.25 3.40 96.17 2.03 -0.354 0.021 6 CD at 18% 3 90.30 3.31 91.73 4.70 -0.316 0.010 6 CD at 18% 5 12.84 8.77 21.70 16.57 -0.264 0.009 6 CD at 18% 7 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.88 -0.179 0.007 7 AS 1996 51.44 6.29 68.31 3.99 -0.316 0.021 7 CS 1996 73.33 8.08 84.67 5.03 -1.445 0.115 7 M08 2008 86.00 7.21 95.33 3.06 -1.914 0.045 8 AS 1999 45.33 7.02 54.67 1.15 -0.372 0.067 8 CS 1999 47.33 16.65 71.33 6.11 -1.365 0.175 9 AS 1998 46.00 5.29 72.67 8.08 -0.132 0.020 9 CS 1998 58.67 21.20 83.33 6.11 -1.116 0.138 10 AS 2000 2.67 3.06 6.67 2.31 -0.180 0.034 10 CS 2000 53.33 4.16 66.00 5.29 -1.023 0.142 11 AS 1998 34.26 12.37 46.13 12.07 -0.191 0.021 11 CS 1998 57.87 13.26 77.29 5.38 -1.162 0.130 12 AS 1996 40.67 1.15 56.00 6.00 -0.260 0.024 12 CS 1996 54.67 4.16 68.67 8.33 -1.123 0.088 13 AS 2003 7.40 2.43 25.56 9.35 -0.134 0.031 13 CS 2003 52.01 3.59 71.99 10.42 -0.817 0.074 14 AS 1999 47.33 3.06 71.53 6.10 -0.252 0.030 14 CS 1999 76.00 12.49 95.33 1.15 -1.404 0.069 15 AS 1998 50.99 1.00 62.20 7.27 -0.206 0.015 15 CS 1998 48.41 11.10 65.17 8.95 -0.924 0.167 16 AS 1998 32.00 9.17 47.33 10.26 -0.180 0.017 16 CS 1998 59.82 11.86 74.60 14.08 -1.172 0.121 17 AS 2002 25.09 6.21 48.17 3.33 -0.130 0.015 17 CS 2002 81.41 11.62 97.35 3.06 -1.081 0.094 17 M08 2008 90.53 7.05 96.67 4.16 -1.576 0.087 18 AS 1998 58.35 5.48 67.76 4.37 -0.319 0.016 18 CS 1998 69.38 6.63 83.98 2.20 -1.458 0.162 19 AS 2000 49.06 6.40 77.61 5.01 -0.168 0.037 19 CS 2000 84.93 16.28 95.18 6.72 -1.391 0.046 No. Storage 5 20 AS 1995 20.50 4.76 30.46 6.05 -0.168 0.062 20 CS 1995 55.84 17.15 83.96 9.94 -1.669 0.313 Harvest Year/ Days of Ageing %NS SD%NS %TG SD%TG Ethiol-disulphide SDE No. Storage 21 AS 1996 0.00 0.00 0.67 1.15 -0.200 0.011 21 CS 1996 45.79 18.08 78.92 10.43 -1.276 0.186 22 AS 1996 16.67 3.06 24.00 6.00 -0.200 0.059 22 CS 1996 59.70 3.98 79.20 1.06 -1.249 0.131 23 AS 2002 43.33 5.03 71.33 11.02 -0.316 0.020 23 CS 2002 60.27 19.59 88.56 8.18 -1.143 0.075 24 AS 1996 24.00 8.00 34.67 12.06 -0.186 0.024 24 CS 1996 71.33 7.57 86.00 3.46 -1.239 0.108 25 AS 1997 16.67 4.62 37.33 2.31 -0.177 0.040 25 CS 1997 63.61 16.27 84.45 6.27 -0.822 0.054 26 AS 1997 10.03 7.18 19.46 2.21 -0.147 0.014 26 CS 1997 68.48 13.25 89.93 4.00 -0.776 0.071 Seeds of 26 selected genotypes of the Gatersleben germplasm collection were tested after 10 to 14 years of cold storage (CS, at 0°C) or ambient storage (AS, at 20°C). In 2008, seeds were multiplied from CS material and six selected genotypes were subjected to artificial seed ageing (CD, controlled deterioration at 44°C and 13% MC or 18%MC) for different days of ageing. Five independent biological replicates were measured and mean values, standard deviations (SD) are given for percentage of normal seedlings (%NS), total germination (%TG) and the mathematically combined half-cell reduction potential Ethiol-disulphide. Table S11 Relationship between seed germinability and low-molecular-weight thioldisulphide redox couples All treatments (n = 600) %NS %TG CD at 18% (n = 150) %NS %TG CD at 13% (n = 150) %NS %TG AS (n = 130) %NS %TG CS (n = 130) %NS %TG GSH+GSSG GSH GSSG %GSSG 0.60 0.80 -0.24 -0.60 0.65 0.80 -0.18 -0.55 0.69 0.70 -0.59 0.74 0.74 -0.60 0.78 0.86 -0.83 0.77 0.84 -0.83 0.44 -0.44 -0.56 0.36 -0.52 -0.51 0.33 -0.45 -0.53 0.33 -0.53 -0.57 EGSSG/2 GSH -0.71 -0.74 -0.67 -0.69 -0.87 -0.87 -0.54 -0.46 -0.48 -0.51 Cys+cystine Cys cystine %cystine 0.25 -0.34 0.15 -0.08 -0.28 -0.20 -0.30 -0.44 -0.18 -0.28 -0.42 -0.23 -0.31 -0.24 -0.34 0.27 0.24 0.29 0.23 0.18 0.19 0.31 0.26 0.30 - 0.18 0.18 - Ecystine/2 Cys -0.29 -0.35 -0.36 -0.35 -0.26 -0.32 - - - - Cys-Gly + Cys-bis-Gly 0.45 0.51 0.34 0.40 0.62 0.60 0.34 0.34 - - Cys-Gly Cys-bis-Gly %Cys-bis-Gly ECys-bis-Gly/2 Cys-Gly 0.42 0.33 -0.10 -0.11 0.47 0.39 -0.10 -0.21 0.23 0.30 - 0.28 0.35 - 0.48 0.46 -0.34 0.48 0.45 -0.34 0.37 0.23 - 0.36 0.18 - -0.18 -0.18 -0.27 -0.24 -0.38 -0.37 -0.59 -0.64 -0.20 -0.18 -0.32 -0.31 - - 0.17 -0.62 -0.62 0.15 -0.59 -0.58 -0.45 -0.68 -0.25 -0.47 -0.74 -0.29 0.53 -0.80 -0.79 0.56 -0.81 -0.81 -0.60 -0.28 -0.60 -0.26 -0.31 -0.36 -0.41 -0.38 Ebis -Glu-Cys/2 -Glu-Cys -0.45 -0.50 - - -0.72 -0.74 -0.24 -0.21 -0.26 -0.26 Ethiol-disulphide -0.64 -0.68 -0.70 -0.74 -0.82 -0.82 -0.47 -0.37 -0.21 -0.18 -Glu-Cys + bis- -Glu-Cys -Glu-Cys bis- -Glu-Cys %bis- -Glu-Cys Seeds of 26 selected genotypes of the Gatersleben germplasm collection were tested after 10 to 14 years of cold storage (CS, at 0°C) or ambient storage (AS, at 20°C). In 2008, seeds were multiplied from CS material and six selected genotypes were subjected to artificial seed ageing (CD, controlled deterioration at 44°C and 13% MC or 18%MC). Five independent biological replicates were measured. Data of single replicates were used for Spearman correlation, as appropriate. Non-bold values indicate significant correlations at P<0.05; bold values at P<0.01 and bold underlined at P<0.001. Abbreviations: AA, accelerated ageing; ABA, abscisic acid; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AS, ambient storage; BlastX, Basic local alignment search tool; bis--Glu-Cys, bis-glutamyl-cystine; CD, controlled deterioration; Cys, cysteine; Cys-Gly; cysteinyl-glycine; Cys-bis-Gly, cystinyl-bis-glycine; CS, cold storage; DArT, Diversity Array Technology; EGSSG/2GSH, half-cell reduction potential of glutathione; ECystine/2Cys, half-cell reduction potential of cysteine; Ebis--Glu-Cys/2-Glu-Cys, half-cell reduction potential of bis--Glu-Cys; ECys-bis-Gly/2CysGly, half-cell reduction potential of Cys-bis-Gly; Ethiol-disulphide, mathematically combined halfcell reduction potential; EST, expressed sequence tags GLM, general linear model; GA, gibberellic acid; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulphide; H², broad-sense heritability; ICARDA, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area; IPK, Institute of Plant Genetic and Crop Plant Research; ISTA, International Seed Testing Association; LD, linkage disequilibrium; LMW, low-molecular weight; LEA, late embryogenesis ambundant; LSD5%, least significant difference at P = 0.05; M08, control multiplied in 2008; MAF, minor allele frequency; Max, maximum; MC, moisture content; MCMC, Markov Chain Monte Carlo; Min, minimum; MLM, mixed linear model; MTA, markertrait association; NCBI, National Center of Biotechnology; PCo, principle coordinate; PCoA, principle coordinate analysis; P50, half viability period; QTL, quantitative trait locus; r², squared allele frequency correlations; r², correlation coefficient; R², explained phenotypic variation; RH, relative humidity; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SD, standard deviation; SSR, simple sequence repeat; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; %NS, percentage of normal seedling; %TG, percentage of total germination; UPGMA, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average; -Glu-Cys,-glutamyl-cysteine
