Chapter 3
BIOCHEMISTRY
3-1: Carbon Compounds
• Who’s made of them???
Organic Compounds Vs. Inorganic
• Carbon, carbon,
carbon!
• Living
organisms...mostly
__________
– Almost everything
else is _________!
• No carbon
CARBON
• # valence electrons?
• Wants to bond to
• Forms:
What are the
“lines”?
• Each C forms
HOW MANY
bonds?
 Single, Dbl,
Tpl
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• Clusters of
• Hydroxyl groups
• Soluble in
Making Large Carbon Molecules:
“MACROMOLECULES”
• MONOMER:
• POLYMER:
How’s It Work?
• Condensation Reactions
Figure 3.4 Condensation of Polymers : Water is removed; Cov bond forms b/w monomers
• In words...
• WATER comes from
• Monomers?
Polymer?
MMMMM.Tasty.
Gotta break
it down.
HOW?
•
Reactions
• REVERSE of
•
is USED to break bonds
Figure 3.4 Hydrolysis of Polymers– water is added; cov bond b/w monomers is broken
ACT IT OUT!
• You’re lots of monomers
• One by one you link up..... “???
reactions?”
• Now you’re a .... “???”
• Now one by one you break up...
“??? Reactions?”
• Now you’re “???”
ATP
•A
t
p
• 3 “parts”:
• Phosphates joined by
• Break  releases
•
reaction
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60028.htm
Page 54: 1-3, 5-7, 10
3-2: Organic
Compounds
What is an organic
compound???
• Compounds made up of ...
• C, H, O
Proteins
• Monomers: Amino Acids, peptide
bonded together
• C,H,O, N & Sometimes S
• Major use?
– Structural (keratin)
– Functional (enzymes, hemoglobin)
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60044.htm
Amino Acids
• (monomers for proteins)
• basic structure
– Central carbon atom
– A single Hydrogen atom
– A Carboxyl group
– An amino group
– R group
R group
Peptide Bonds
• Special covalent bond
– condensation reaction
Amino Acids
• 20 different ones used by human body
• Body produces most
– not all; not in great enough quantities
• Two categories
– Essential - must be obtained by food
– Non-essential - produced by human body
Amino Acids in Food
• plants and seeds
• Animal products
– Ex. Eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and beef
1 type of Protein: Enzymes
•Biological catalysts
•ESSENTIAL FOR CELL FUNCTION!!!
•Substrate(s) fits @ active site(s)
•Reaction occurs here  product(s)
Draw it!!
Enzymes
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60034.htm
Fast Food Math
Lipids
• C,H,O & Non-polar
– NOT soluble in water
• Examples include…
– Fats-- Triglycerides
– Oils
– Waxes
• Uses:
– Cell membranes--phospholipids
– Steroid hormones
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60035.htm
Lipids...more uses
• Excess fats stored by the body
– Under skin for warmth
– Around organs for protection
• Long-term (stored)
source of energy!!!
Lipids
• Monomers: glycerol &
fatty acids
• Diff Structures:
– Saturated
• all C atoms connected with
single bonds
– Unsaturated
• At least one C bond is a
double bond
– Polyunsaturated
• Two or more bonds are double
Ex:
phospholipids,
butter, oils
Carbohydrates
• Monomer: sugar
• C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio
• Short-term source of energy
– (cell respiration)
– Sugars are quickly converted to ATP
• Usable energy
Carbohydrates
• Three types of sugars
– Monosaccharides
Ex:
Ex: glucose,
glucose,
glycogen,
glycogen, sucrose
sucrose
• Simple, one sugar
– Disaccharides
• Two chemically bonded monosaccharides
– Polysaccharides
• Complex, made up of many monosaccharides
• Requires use of enzyme to break down to
useable form
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60029.htm
Nucleic Acids
• 2 examples/types:
• DNA
– Deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA
– Ribonucleic
acid
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60041.htm
For both:
• Monomer: Nucleotide
– Three parts
• Phosphate group
• Five-carbon sugar
• Ring shaped nitrogenous base
p. 60 #1-5, 7, 8, 10
Pineapple Enzyme Lab
Prediction Table
Name
Which cup
Why?
Pineapple Enzyme Lab
Data Table
Cup
Jello only
Jello+Fresh
Jello+Canned
Qualitative observations
Pineapple enzyme lab
PROCEDURE:
• Label all cups with your period & team name and
label them: FRESH, CANNED, PLAIN
• Make Jello according to instructions on box.
• Put one piece of canned pineapple in the “CANNED”
cup.
• Put one piece of fresh pineapple into the “FRESH”
cup.
• Carefully pour 15mL of Jello into each of your three
cups
• MEASURE CAREFULLY, THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT!!
• Refrigerate overnight. Make qualitative observations
tomorrow.
• CLEAN UP YOUR LAB AREA!!!
– You will lose points if you leave it a mess