WEB APPENDIX
Table A1: Wars and Peace Treaties, 1816-2007
War Name
Franco-Spanish
Russo-Turkish
Mexican-American
Austro-Sardinian
First Schleswig-Holstein
Roman Republic
La Plata
Crimean
Anglo-Persian
Italian Unification
Spanish-Moroccan
Italo-Roman
Italo-Sicilian
Franco-Mexican
Ecuadorian-Columbian
Second SchleswigHolstein
War Dates
1823
1828-1829
1846-1848
1848-1849
1848-1849
1849
1851-1852
1853-1856
1856-1857
1859
1859-1860
1860
1860-1861
1862-1867
1863
Peace
Treaty
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
1864
Y
Lopez
Spanish-Chilean
Seven Weeks
Franco-Prussian
First Central American
1864-1870
1865-1866
1866
1870-1871
1876
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Russo-Turkish
1877-1878
Y
Pacific
Anglo-Egyptian
Sino-French
Second Central
American
1879-1883
1882
1884-1885
Y
N
Y
1885
Y
First Sino-Japanese
1894-1895
1897
Greco-Turkish
1898
Spanish-American
1900
Boxer Rebellion
Sino-Russian1
1904-1905
Russo-Japanese
1906
Third Central American
Fourth Central American 1907
1
Treaty Name and Date
Treaty of Adrianople, 9/14/1829
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2/2/1848
Peace of Milan, 8/6/1849
London Treaty, 5/8/1852
Peace of Paris, 3/30/1856
Peace of Paris, 3/4/1856
Treaty of Zurich, 10/8/1859
Treaty of Oued Ras, 4/26/1860
Treaty of Pinsaquí, 12/30/1863
Peace of Vienna, 10/30/1864
Treaty of Asuncion, 1/9/1872; Treaty of Buenos
Aires, 2/3/1876
Treaty of Prague, 8/23/1866; also other treaties
Treaty of Frankfurt, 5/10/1871
Treaty of San Stefano, 3/3/1878; Treaty of Berlin,
7/13/1878
Treaty of Ancon, 10/20/1883; Treaty of Santiago,
10/20/1904
Treaty of Tientsin, 6/9/1885
Y
Y
Y
N
Treaty of Shimonoseki, 4/17/1895; Liaotung
Convention, 11/8/1895
Treaty of Constantinople, 12/4/1897
Treaty of Paris, 12/10/1898
Final Protocol
Y
Y
Y
Treaty of Portsmouth, 9/5/1905
General Treaty of Peace and Amity, 9/25/1906
General Treaty of Peace and Amity, 4/23/1907
I drop this war from the analysis as it is virtually indistinguishable from the Boxer
Rebellion.
Italo-Turkish
First Balkan
2
Second Spanish-Moroccan2
1911-1912
Y
1912-1913
N
Treaty of Lausanne, 10/18/1912
Second Balkan
World War I
Estonian War of
Liberation
Latvian War of
Liberation
Russo-Polish
Hungarian-Allies
Greco-Turkish
Franco-Turkish
Lithuanian-Polish
Sino-Soviet
Second Sino-Japanese
Chaco
Saudi-Yemeni
Italo-Ethiopian
Third Sino-Japanese
Changkufeng
Nomonhan
World War II
Russo-Finnish
Franco-Thai
First Kashmir
Palestine
Korean
Off-Shore Islands War
Sinai
Russo-Hungarian
Ifni War
Taiwan Straits
Sino-Indian
Vietnam
Second Kashmir
Six Day
1913
1914-1918
Y
Y
Treaty of Bucharest, 8/10/1913; Treaty of
Constantinople, 9/29/1913
Treaty of Versailles, 9/28/1919
1918-1920
Y
Treaty of Tartu, 2/2/1920 and 10/14/1920
1918-1920
1919-1920
1919
1919-1922
1919-1921
1920
1929
1931-1933
1932-1935
1934
1935-1936
1937-1941
1938
1939
1939-1945
1939-1940
1940-1941
1947-1949
1948-1949
1950-1953
1954-1955
1956
1956
1957-1958
1958
1962
1965-1975
1965
1967
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Treaty of Rapallo, 4/16/1922;
Treaty of Riga, 3/18/1921
Treaty of Trianon, 6/4/1920
Treaty of Lausanne, 7/24/1923
Treaty of Lausanne, 7/24/1923
Laotian War
Israeli-Egyptian
(Attrition)
Football
Communist Coalition
Bangladesh
Yom Kippur
Turco-Cypriot
Angola
1968-1973
N
1969-1970
1969
1970-1971
1971
1973
1974
1975-1976
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Treaty of Buenos Aires, 7/21/1938
Treaty of Tayif, 5/13/1934
Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 8/12/1978
Various
Treaty of Moscow, 3/12/1940
Treaty of Fez, 1/4/1969
[Tashkent Declaration, 1/10/1966]
Treaty of Lima, 10/30/1980
Simla Agreement, 7/2/1972
Camp David Accords, 3/26/1979
I drop this war from the analysis as the Spanish were not fighting Moroccan government
forces.
Ogaden
Vietnamese-Cambodian
Ugandan-Tanzanian
Sino-Vietnamese
Iran-Iraq
Falklands
Israel-Syria (Lebanon)
Aouzou Strip
Sino-Vietnamese
Gulf War
War of Bosnian
Independence
Azeri-Armenian War
Cenepa Valley War
Badme Border War
Kosovo War
Kargil War
Invasion of Afghanistan
Invasion of Iraq
1977-1978
1977-1979
1978-1979
1979
1980-1988
1982
1982
1986-1987
1987
1990-1991
1992
1993-1994
1995
1998-2000
1999
1999
2001
2003
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
[UNSC Resolution 598]
[UNSC resolution]
Brasilia Presidential Act, 10/26/1998
Algiers Agreement, 12/12/2000
Table A2: International Humanitarian Law3
Treaty Title
Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
Red Cross Convention
St. Petersburg Declaration
Hague Conventions4
Hague Conventions5
Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the
Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other
Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of
Warfare
Geneva Convention Relative to the
Treatment of Prisoners of War
Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Geneva Conventions6
3
Year
1856
1864
1868
1899
1907
1925
1929
1948
1949
Adapted from O'Connell 2005.
There are six relevant Hague Conventions of 1899:
I, For the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
II, with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land
III, Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864
IV 1, Declaration to Prohibit, for the term of Five Years, the Launching of Projectiles and
explosives from Balloons, and Other Methods of Similar Nature
IV 2, Declaration on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of
Concerning Asphyxiating Gases
IV 3, Concerning Expanding Bullets
5
There are thirteen relevant Hague Conventions of 1907:
I, Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
II, Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts
III, Opening of Hostilities
IV, Laws and Customs of War on Land
V, Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land
VI, Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities
VII, Conversion of Merchant Ships into War Ships
VIII, Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines
XI, Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War
X, Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention
XI, Relative to certain Restrictions with regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in
Naval War
[Convention XII, Relative to the Creation of an International Prize Court, is excluded
because only one state – Nicaragua – ratified it]
XIII, Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War
XIV, Prohibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons
6
There are four relevant Geneva Conventions of 1949:
4
Hague Convention for the Protection of
Cultural Property in the Event of Armed
Conflict
Convention on the Prohibition of the
Development, Production and Stockpiling of
Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin
Weapons and on their Destruction
Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva
Conventions7
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions
on the Use of Certain Conventional
Weapons Which May be Deemed to be
Excessively Injurious or to Have
Indiscriminate Effects8
Convention Against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Convention on the Prohibition of the
Development, Production, Stockpiling and
Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their
Destruction
Convention on the Prohibition of the Use,
Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of
Anti-Personnel Mines and on their
Destruction
Rome Statute of the International Criminal
Court
1954
1972
1977
1980
1984
1989
1993
1997
1998
I, for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the
Field
II, for the Amelioration of the condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members
of Armed Forces at Sea
III, Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
IV, Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
7
There are three relevant additional protocols:
I, Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
II, Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
III, Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (concluded in 2005)
8
There are five relevant Protocols attached to the 1980 Conventional Weapons Convention:
I, on Non-Detectable Fragments
II, on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices
III, on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons
IV, on Blinding Laser Weapons (concluded in 1995)
V, on Explosive Remnants of War (concluded in 2003)